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| .\" ======================================================================== |
| .\" |
| .IX Title "OBJCOPY 1" |
| .TH OBJCOPY 1 "2011-11-21" "binutils-2.21.90" "GNU Development Tools" |
| .\" For nroff, turn off justification. Always turn off hyphenation; it makes |
| .\" way too many mistakes in technical documents. |
| .if n .ad l |
| .nh |
| .SH "NAME" |
| objcopy \- copy and translate object files |
| .SH "SYNOPSIS" |
| .IX Header "SYNOPSIS" |
| objcopy [\fB\-F\fR \fIbfdname\fR|\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR] |
| [\fB\-I\fR \fIbfdname\fR|\fB\-\-input\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR] |
| [\fB\-O\fR \fIbfdname\fR|\fB\-\-output\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR] |
| [\fB\-B\fR \fIbfdarch\fR|\fB\-\-binary\-architecture=\fR\fIbfdarch\fR] |
| [\fB\-S\fR|\fB\-\-strip\-all\fR] |
| [\fB\-g\fR|\fB\-\-strip\-debug\fR] |
| [\fB\-K\fR \fIsymbolname\fR|\fB\-\-keep\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR] |
| [\fB\-N\fR \fIsymbolname\fR|\fB\-\-strip\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-strip\-unneeded\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR] |
| [\fB\-G\fR \fIsymbolname\fR|\fB\-\-keep\-global\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-localize\-hidden\fR] |
| [\fB\-L\fR \fIsymbolname\fR|\fB\-\-localize\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-globalize\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR] |
| [\fB\-W\fR \fIsymbolname\fR|\fB\-\-weaken\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR] |
| [\fB\-w\fR|\fB\-\-wildcard\fR] |
| [\fB\-x\fR|\fB\-\-discard\-all\fR] |
| [\fB\-X\fR|\fB\-\-discard\-locals\fR] |
| [\fB\-b\fR \fIbyte\fR|\fB\-\-byte=\fR\fIbyte\fR] |
| [\fB\-i\fR [\fIbreadth\fR]|\fB\-\-interleave\fR[=\fIbreadth\fR]] |
| [\fB\-\-interleave\-width=\fR\fIwidth\fR] |
| [\fB\-j\fR \fIsectionname\fR|\fB\-\-only\-section=\fR\fIsectionname\fR] |
| [\fB\-R\fR \fIsectionname\fR|\fB\-\-remove\-section=\fR\fIsectionname\fR] |
| [\fB\-p\fR|\fB\-\-preserve\-dates\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-debugging\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-gap\-fill=\fR\fIval\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-pad\-to=\fR\fIaddress\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-set\-start=\fR\fIval\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-adjust\-start=\fR\fIincr\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-change\-addresses=\fR\fIincr\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-change\-section\-address\fR \fIsection\fR{=,+,\-}\fIval\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-change\-section\-lma\fR \fIsection\fR{=,+,\-}\fIval\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-change\-section\-vma\fR \fIsection\fR{=,+,\-}\fIval\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-change\-warnings\fR] [\fB\-\-no\-change\-warnings\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-set\-section\-flags\fR \fIsection\fR=\fIflags\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-add\-section\fR \fIsectionname\fR=\fIfilename\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-rename\-section\fR \fIoldname\fR=\fInewname\fR[,\fIflags\fR]] |
| [\fB\-\-long\-section\-names\fR {enable,disable,keep}] |
| [\fB\-\-change\-leading\-char\fR] [\fB\-\-remove\-leading\-char\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-reverse\-bytes=\fR\fInum\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-srec\-len=\fR\fIival\fR] [\fB\-\-srec\-forceS3\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-redefine\-sym\fR \fIold\fR=\fInew\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-redefine\-syms=\fR\fIfilename\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-weaken\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-keep\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-strip\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-strip\-unneeded\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-keep\-global\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-localize\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-globalize\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-weaken\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-alt\-machine\-code=\fR\fIindex\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-prefix\-symbols=\fR\fIstring\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-prefix\-sections=\fR\fIstring\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-prefix\-alloc\-sections=\fR\fIstring\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-add\-gnu\-debuglink=\fR\fIpath-to-file\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-keep\-file\-symbols\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-only\-keep\-debug\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-extract\-symbol\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-writable\-text\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-readonly\-text\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-pure\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-impure\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-file\-alignment=\fR\fInum\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-heap=\fR\fIsize\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-image\-base=\fR\fIaddress\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-section\-alignment=\fR\fInum\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-stack=\fR\fIsize\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-subsystem=\fR\fIwhich\fR:\fImajor\fR.\fIminor\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-compress\-debug\-sections\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-decompress\-debug\-sections\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-dwarf\-depth=\fR\fIn\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-dwarf\-start=\fR\fIn\fR] |
| [\fB\-v\fR|\fB\-\-verbose\fR] |
| [\fB\-V\fR|\fB\-\-version\fR] |
| [\fB\-\-help\fR] [\fB\-\-info\fR] |
| \fIinfile\fR [\fIoutfile\fR] |
| .SH "DESCRIPTION" |
| .IX Header "DESCRIPTION" |
| The \s-1GNU\s0 \fBobjcopy\fR utility copies the contents of an object |
| file to another. \fBobjcopy\fR uses the \s-1GNU\s0 \s-1BFD\s0 Library to |
| read and write the object files. It can write the destination object |
| file in a format different from that of the source object file. The |
| exact behavior of \fBobjcopy\fR is controlled by command-line options. |
| Note that \fBobjcopy\fR should be able to copy a fully linked file |
| between any two formats. However, copying a relocatable object file |
| between any two formats may not work as expected. |
| .PP |
| \&\fBobjcopy\fR creates temporary files to do its translations and |
| deletes them afterward. \fBobjcopy\fR uses \s-1BFD\s0 to do all its |
| translation work; it has access to all the formats described in \s-1BFD\s0 |
| and thus is able to recognize most formats without being told |
| explicitly. |
| .PP |
| \&\fBobjcopy\fR can be used to generate S\-records by using an output |
| target of \fBsrec\fR (e.g., use \fB\-O srec\fR). |
| .PP |
| \&\fBobjcopy\fR can be used to generate a raw binary file by using an |
| output target of \fBbinary\fR (e.g., use \fB\-O binary\fR). When |
| \&\fBobjcopy\fR generates a raw binary file, it will essentially produce |
| a memory dump of the contents of the input object file. All symbols and |
| relocation information will be discarded. The memory dump will start at |
| the load address of the lowest section copied into the output file. |
| .PP |
| When generating an S\-record or a raw binary file, it may be helpful to |
| use \fB\-S\fR to remove sections containing debugging information. In |
| some cases \fB\-R\fR will be useful to remove sections which contain |
| information that is not needed by the binary file. |
| .PP |
| Note\-\-\-\fBobjcopy\fR is not able to change the endianness of its input |
| files. If the input format has an endianness (some formats do not), |
| \&\fBobjcopy\fR can only copy the inputs into file formats that have the |
| same endianness or which have no endianness (e.g., \fBsrec\fR). |
| (However, see the \fB\-\-reverse\-bytes\fR option.) |
| .SH "OPTIONS" |
| .IX Header "OPTIONS" |
| .IP "\fIinfile\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "infile" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fIoutfile\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "outfile" |
| .PD |
| The input and output files, respectively. |
| If you do not specify \fIoutfile\fR, \fBobjcopy\fR creates a |
| temporary file and destructively renames the result with |
| the name of \fIinfile\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-I\fR \fIbfdname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-I bfdname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-input\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--input-target=bfdname" |
| .PD |
| Consider the source file's object format to be \fIbfdname\fR, rather than |
| attempting to deduce it. |
| .IP "\fB\-O\fR \fIbfdname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-O bfdname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-output\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--output-target=bfdname" |
| .PD |
| Write the output file using the object format \fIbfdname\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-F\fR \fIbfdname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-F bfdname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-target=\fR\fIbfdname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--target=bfdname" |
| .PD |
| Use \fIbfdname\fR as the object format for both the input and the output |
| file; i.e., simply transfer data from source to destination with no |
| translation. |
| .IP "\fB\-B\fR \fIbfdarch\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-B bfdarch" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-binary\-architecture=\fR\fIbfdarch\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--binary-architecture=bfdarch" |
| .PD |
| Useful when transforming a architecture-less input file into an object file. |
| In this case the output architecture can be set to \fIbfdarch\fR. This |
| option will be ignored if the input file has a known \fIbfdarch\fR. You |
| can access this binary data inside a program by referencing the special |
| symbols that are created by the conversion process. These symbols are |
| called _binary_\fIobjfile\fR_start, _binary_\fIobjfile\fR_end and |
| _binary_\fIobjfile\fR_size. e.g. you can transform a picture file into |
| an object file and then access it in your code using these symbols. |
| .IP "\fB\-j\fR \fIsectionname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-j sectionname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-only\-section=\fR\fIsectionname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--only-section=sectionname" |
| .PD |
| Copy only the named section from the input file to the output file. |
| This option may be given more than once. Note that using this option |
| inappropriately may make the output file unusable. |
| .IP "\fB\-R\fR \fIsectionname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-R sectionname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-remove\-section=\fR\fIsectionname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--remove-section=sectionname" |
| .PD |
| Remove any section named \fIsectionname\fR from the output file. This |
| option may be given more than once. Note that using this option |
| inappropriately may make the output file unusable. |
| .IP "\fB\-S\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-S" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-strip\-all\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--strip-all" |
| .PD |
| Do not copy relocation and symbol information from the source file. |
| .IP "\fB\-g\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-g" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-strip\-debug\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--strip-debug" |
| .PD |
| Do not copy debugging symbols or sections from the source file. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-strip\-unneeded\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--strip-unneeded" |
| Strip all symbols that are not needed for relocation processing. |
| .IP "\fB\-K\fR \fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-K symbolname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-keep\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--keep-symbol=symbolname" |
| .PD |
| When stripping symbols, keep symbol \fIsymbolname\fR even if it would |
| normally be stripped. This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-N\fR \fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-N symbolname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-strip\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--strip-symbol=symbolname" |
| .PD |
| Do not copy symbol \fIsymbolname\fR from the source file. This option |
| may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-strip\-unneeded\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--strip-unneeded-symbol=symbolname" |
| Do not copy symbol \fIsymbolname\fR from the source file unless it is needed |
| by a relocation. This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-G\fR \fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-G symbolname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-keep\-global\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--keep-global-symbol=symbolname" |
| .PD |
| Keep only symbol \fIsymbolname\fR global. Make all other symbols local |
| to the file, so that they are not visible externally. This option may |
| be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-localize\-hidden\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--localize-hidden" |
| In an \s-1ELF\s0 object, mark all symbols that have hidden or internal visibility |
| as local. This option applies on top of symbol-specific localization options |
| such as \fB\-L\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-L\fR \fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-L symbolname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-localize\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--localize-symbol=symbolname" |
| .PD |
| Make symbol \fIsymbolname\fR local to the file, so that it is not |
| visible externally. This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-W\fR \fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-W symbolname" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-weaken\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--weaken-symbol=symbolname" |
| .PD |
| Make symbol \fIsymbolname\fR weak. This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-globalize\-symbol=\fR\fIsymbolname\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--globalize-symbol=symbolname" |
| Give symbol \fIsymbolname\fR global scoping so that it is visible |
| outside of the file in which it is defined. This option may be given |
| more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-w\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-w" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-wildcard\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--wildcard" |
| .PD |
| Permit regular expressions in \fIsymbolname\fRs used in other command |
| line options. The question mark (?), asterisk (*), backslash (\e) and |
| square brackets ([]) operators can be used anywhere in the symbol |
| name. If the first character of the symbol name is the exclamation |
| point (!) then the sense of the switch is reversed for that symbol. |
| For example: |
| .Sp |
| .Vb 1 |
| \& \-w \-W !foo \-W fo* |
| .Ve |
| .Sp |
| would cause objcopy to weaken all symbols that start with \*(L"fo\*(R" |
| except for the symbol \*(L"foo\*(R". |
| .IP "\fB\-x\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-x" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-discard\-all\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--discard-all" |
| .PD |
| Do not copy non-global symbols from the source file. |
| .IP "\fB\-X\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-X" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-discard\-locals\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--discard-locals" |
| .PD |
| Do not copy compiler-generated local symbols. |
| (These usually start with \fBL\fR or \fB.\fR.) |
| .IP "\fB\-b\fR \fIbyte\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-b byte" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-byte=\fR\fIbyte\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--byte=byte" |
| .PD |
| If interleaving has been enabled via the \fB\-\-interleave\fR option |
| then start the range of bytes to keep at the \fIbyte\fRth byte. |
| \&\fIbyte\fR can be in the range from 0 to \fIbreadth\fR\-1, where |
| \&\fIbreadth\fR is the value given by the \fB\-\-interleave\fR option. |
| .IP "\fB\-i [\fR\fIbreadth\fR\fB]\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-i [breadth]" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-interleave[=\fR\fIbreadth\fR\fB]\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--interleave[=breadth]" |
| .PD |
| Only copy a range out of every \fIbreadth\fR bytes. (Header data is |
| not affected). Select which byte in the range begins the copy with |
| the \fB\-\-byte\fR option. Select the width of the range with the |
| \&\fB\-\-interleave\-width\fR option. |
| .Sp |
| This option is useful for creating files to program \s-1ROM\s0. It is |
| typically used with an \f(CW\*(C`srec\*(C'\fR output target. Note that |
| \&\fBobjcopy\fR will complain if you do not specify the |
| \&\fB\-\-byte\fR option as well. |
| .Sp |
| The default interleave breadth is 4, so with \fB\-\-byte\fR set to 0, |
| \&\fBobjcopy\fR would copy the first byte out of every four bytes |
| from the input to the output. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-interleave\-width=\fR\fIwidth\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--interleave-width=width" |
| When used with the \fB\-\-interleave\fR option, copy \fIwidth\fR |
| bytes at a time. The start of the range of bytes to be copied is set |
| by the \fB\-\-byte\fR option, and the extent of the range is set with |
| the \fB\-\-interleave\fR option. |
| .Sp |
| The default value for this option is 1. The value of \fIwidth\fR plus |
| the \fIbyte\fR value set by the \fB\-\-byte\fR option must not exceed |
| the interleave breadth set by the \fB\-\-interleave\fR option. |
| .Sp |
| This option can be used to create images for two 16\-bit flashes interleaved |
| in a 32\-bit bus by passing \fB\-b 0 \-i 4 \-\-interleave\-width=2\fR |
| and \fB\-b 2 \-i 4 \-\-interleave\-width=2\fR to two \fBobjcopy\fR |
| commands. If the input was '12345678' then the outputs would be |
| \&'1256' and '3478' respectively. |
| .IP "\fB\-p\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-p" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-preserve\-dates\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--preserve-dates" |
| .PD |
| Set the access and modification dates of the output file to be the same |
| as those of the input file. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-debugging\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--debugging" |
| Convert debugging information, if possible. This is not the default |
| because only certain debugging formats are supported, and the |
| conversion process can be time consuming. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-gap\-fill\fR \fIval\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--gap-fill val" |
| Fill gaps between sections with \fIval\fR. This operation applies to |
| the \fIload address\fR (\s-1LMA\s0) of the sections. It is done by increasing |
| the size of the section with the lower address, and filling in the extra |
| space created with \fIval\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-pad\-to\fR \fIaddress\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--pad-to address" |
| Pad the output file up to the load address \fIaddress\fR. This is |
| done by increasing the size of the last section. The extra space is |
| filled in with the value specified by \fB\-\-gap\-fill\fR (default zero). |
| .IP "\fB\-\-set\-start\fR \fIval\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--set-start val" |
| Set the start address of the new file to \fIval\fR. Not all object file |
| formats support setting the start address. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-change\-start\fR \fIincr\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--change-start incr" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-adjust\-start\fR \fIincr\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--adjust-start incr" |
| .PD |
| Change the start address by adding \fIincr\fR. Not all object file |
| formats support setting the start address. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-change\-addresses\fR \fIincr\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--change-addresses incr" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-adjust\-vma\fR \fIincr\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--adjust-vma incr" |
| .PD |
| Change the \s-1VMA\s0 and \s-1LMA\s0 addresses of all sections, as well as the start |
| address, by adding \fIincr\fR. Some object file formats do not permit |
| section addresses to be changed arbitrarily. Note that this does not |
| relocate the sections; if the program expects sections to be loaded at a |
| certain address, and this option is used to change the sections such |
| that they are loaded at a different address, the program may fail. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-change\-section\-address\fR \fIsection\fR\fB{=,+,\-}\fR\fIval\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--change-section-address section{=,+,-}val" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-adjust\-section\-vma\fR \fIsection\fR\fB{=,+,\-}\fR\fIval\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--adjust-section-vma section{=,+,-}val" |
| .PD |
| Set or change both the \s-1VMA\s0 address and the \s-1LMA\s0 address of the named |
| \&\fIsection\fR. If \fB=\fR is used, the section address is set to |
| \&\fIval\fR. Otherwise, \fIval\fR is added to or subtracted from the |
| section address. See the comments under \fB\-\-change\-addresses\fR, |
| above. If \fIsection\fR does not exist in the input file, a warning will |
| be issued, unless \fB\-\-no\-change\-warnings\fR is used. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-change\-section\-lma\fR \fIsection\fR\fB{=,+,\-}\fR\fIval\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--change-section-lma section{=,+,-}val" |
| Set or change the \s-1LMA\s0 address of the named \fIsection\fR. The \s-1LMA\s0 |
| address is the address where the section will be loaded into memory at |
| program load time. Normally this is the same as the \s-1VMA\s0 address, which |
| is the address of the section at program run time, but on some systems, |
| especially those where a program is held in \s-1ROM\s0, the two can be |
| different. If \fB=\fR is used, the section address is set to |
| \&\fIval\fR. Otherwise, \fIval\fR is added to or subtracted from the |
| section address. See the comments under \fB\-\-change\-addresses\fR, |
| above. If \fIsection\fR does not exist in the input file, a warning |
| will be issued, unless \fB\-\-no\-change\-warnings\fR is used. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-change\-section\-vma\fR \fIsection\fR\fB{=,+,\-}\fR\fIval\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--change-section-vma section{=,+,-}val" |
| Set or change the \s-1VMA\s0 address of the named \fIsection\fR. The \s-1VMA\s0 |
| address is the address where the section will be located once the |
| program has started executing. Normally this is the same as the \s-1LMA\s0 |
| address, which is the address where the section will be loaded into |
| memory, but on some systems, especially those where a program is held in |
| \&\s-1ROM\s0, the two can be different. If \fB=\fR is used, the section address |
| is set to \fIval\fR. Otherwise, \fIval\fR is added to or subtracted |
| from the section address. See the comments under |
| \&\fB\-\-change\-addresses\fR, above. If \fIsection\fR does not exist in |
| the input file, a warning will be issued, unless |
| \&\fB\-\-no\-change\-warnings\fR is used. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-change\-warnings\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--change-warnings" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-adjust\-warnings\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--adjust-warnings" |
| .PD |
| If \fB\-\-change\-section\-address\fR or \fB\-\-change\-section\-lma\fR or |
| \&\fB\-\-change\-section\-vma\fR is used, and the named section does not |
| exist, issue a warning. This is the default. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-no\-change\-warnings\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--no-change-warnings" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-no\-adjust\-warnings\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--no-adjust-warnings" |
| .PD |
| Do not issue a warning if \fB\-\-change\-section\-address\fR or |
| \&\fB\-\-adjust\-section\-lma\fR or \fB\-\-adjust\-section\-vma\fR is used, even |
| if the named section does not exist. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-set\-section\-flags\fR \fIsection\fR\fB=\fR\fIflags\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--set-section-flags section=flags" |
| Set the flags for the named section. The \fIflags\fR argument is a |
| comma separated string of flag names. The recognized names are |
| \&\fBalloc\fR, \fBcontents\fR, \fBload\fR, \fBnoload\fR, |
| \&\fBreadonly\fR, \fBcode\fR, \fBdata\fR, \fBrom\fR, \fBshare\fR, and |
| \&\fBdebug\fR. You can set the \fBcontents\fR flag for a section which |
| does not have contents, but it is not meaningful to clear the |
| \&\fBcontents\fR flag of a section which does have contents\*(--just remove |
| the section instead. Not all flags are meaningful for all object file |
| formats. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-add\-section\fR \fIsectionname\fR\fB=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--add-section sectionname=filename" |
| Add a new section named \fIsectionname\fR while copying the file. The |
| contents of the new section are taken from the file \fIfilename\fR. The |
| size of the section will be the size of the file. This option only |
| works on file formats which can support sections with arbitrary names. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-rename\-section\fR \fIoldname\fR\fB=\fR\fInewname\fR\fB[,\fR\fIflags\fR\fB]\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--rename-section oldname=newname[,flags]" |
| Rename a section from \fIoldname\fR to \fInewname\fR, optionally |
| changing the section's flags to \fIflags\fR in the process. This has |
| the advantage over usng a linker script to perform the rename in that |
| the output stays as an object file and does not become a linked |
| executable. |
| .Sp |
| This option is particularly helpful when the input format is binary, |
| since this will always create a section called .data. If for example, |
| you wanted instead to create a section called .rodata containing binary |
| data you could use the following command line to achieve it: |
| .Sp |
| .Vb 3 |
| \& objcopy \-I binary \-O <output_format> \-B <architecture> \e |
| \& \-\-rename\-section .data=.rodata,alloc,load,readonly,data,contents \e |
| \& <input_binary_file> <output_object_file> |
| .Ve |
| .IP "\fB\-\-long\-section\-names {enable,disable,keep}\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--long-section-names {enable,disable,keep}" |
| Controls the handling of long section names when processing \f(CW\*(C`COFF\*(C'\fR |
| and \f(CW\*(C`PE\-COFF\*(C'\fR object formats. The default behaviour, \fBkeep\fR, |
| is to preserve long section names if any are present in the input file. |
| The \fBenable\fR and \fBdisable\fR options forcibly enable or disable |
| the use of long section names in the output object; when \fBdisable\fR |
| is in effect, any long section names in the input object will be truncated. |
| The \fBenable\fR option will only emit long section names if any are |
| present in the inputs; this is mostly the same as \fBkeep\fR, but it |
| is left undefined whether the \fBenable\fR option might force the |
| creation of an empty string table in the output file. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-change\-leading\-char\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--change-leading-char" |
| Some object file formats use special characters at the start of |
| symbols. The most common such character is underscore, which compilers |
| often add before every symbol. This option tells \fBobjcopy\fR to |
| change the leading character of every symbol when it converts between |
| object file formats. If the object file formats use the same leading |
| character, this option has no effect. Otherwise, it will add a |
| character, or remove a character, or change a character, as |
| appropriate. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-remove\-leading\-char\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--remove-leading-char" |
| If the first character of a global symbol is a special symbol leading |
| character used by the object file format, remove the character. The |
| most common symbol leading character is underscore. This option will |
| remove a leading underscore from all global symbols. This can be useful |
| if you want to link together objects of different file formats with |
| different conventions for symbol names. This is different from |
| \&\fB\-\-change\-leading\-char\fR because it always changes the symbol name |
| when appropriate, regardless of the object file format of the output |
| file. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-reverse\-bytes=\fR\fInum\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--reverse-bytes=num" |
| Reverse the bytes in a section with output contents. A section length must |
| be evenly divisible by the value given in order for the swap to be able to |
| take place. Reversing takes place before the interleaving is performed. |
| .Sp |
| This option is used typically in generating \s-1ROM\s0 images for problematic |
| target systems. For example, on some target boards, the 32\-bit words |
| fetched from 8\-bit ROMs are re-assembled in little-endian byte order |
| regardless of the \s-1CPU\s0 byte order. Depending on the programming model, the |
| endianness of the \s-1ROM\s0 may need to be modified. |
| .Sp |
| Consider a simple file with a section containing the following eight |
| bytes: \f(CW12345678\fR. |
| .Sp |
| Using \fB\-\-reverse\-bytes=2\fR for the above example, the bytes in the |
| output file would be ordered \f(CW21436587\fR. |
| .Sp |
| Using \fB\-\-reverse\-bytes=4\fR for the above example, the bytes in the |
| output file would be ordered \f(CW43218765\fR. |
| .Sp |
| By using \fB\-\-reverse\-bytes=2\fR for the above example, followed by |
| \&\fB\-\-reverse\-bytes=4\fR on the output file, the bytes in the second |
| output file would be ordered \f(CW34127856\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-srec\-len=\fR\fIival\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--srec-len=ival" |
| Meaningful only for srec output. Set the maximum length of the Srecords |
| being produced to \fIival\fR. This length covers both address, data and |
| crc fields. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-srec\-forceS3\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--srec-forceS3" |
| Meaningful only for srec output. Avoid generation of S1/S2 records, |
| creating S3\-only record format. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-redefine\-sym\fR \fIold\fR\fB=\fR\fInew\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--redefine-sym old=new" |
| Change the name of a symbol \fIold\fR, to \fInew\fR. This can be useful |
| when one is trying link two things together for which you have no |
| source, and there are name collisions. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-redefine\-syms=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--redefine-syms=filename" |
| Apply \fB\-\-redefine\-sym\fR to each symbol pair "\fIold\fR \fInew\fR" |
| listed in the file \fIfilename\fR. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, |
| with one symbol pair per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash |
| character. This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-weaken\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--weaken" |
| Change all global symbols in the file to be weak. This can be useful |
| when building an object which will be linked against other objects using |
| the \fB\-R\fR option to the linker. This option is only effective when |
| using an object file format which supports weak symbols. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-keep\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--keep-symbols=filename" |
| Apply \fB\-\-keep\-symbol\fR option to each symbol listed in the file |
| \&\fIfilename\fR. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
| name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. |
| This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-strip\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--strip-symbols=filename" |
| Apply \fB\-\-strip\-symbol\fR option to each symbol listed in the file |
| \&\fIfilename\fR. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
| name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. |
| This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-strip\-unneeded\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--strip-unneeded-symbols=filename" |
| Apply \fB\-\-strip\-unneeded\-symbol\fR option to each symbol listed in |
| the file \fIfilename\fR. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one |
| symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash |
| character. This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-keep\-global\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--keep-global-symbols=filename" |
| Apply \fB\-\-keep\-global\-symbol\fR option to each symbol listed in the |
| file \fIfilename\fR. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one |
| symbol name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash |
| character. This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-localize\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--localize-symbols=filename" |
| Apply \fB\-\-localize\-symbol\fR option to each symbol listed in the file |
| \&\fIfilename\fR. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
| name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. |
| This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-globalize\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--globalize-symbols=filename" |
| Apply \fB\-\-globalize\-symbol\fR option to each symbol listed in the file |
| \&\fIfilename\fR. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
| name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. |
| This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-weaken\-symbols=\fR\fIfilename\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--weaken-symbols=filename" |
| Apply \fB\-\-weaken\-symbol\fR option to each symbol listed in the file |
| \&\fIfilename\fR. \fIfilename\fR is simply a flat file, with one symbol |
| name per line. Line comments may be introduced by the hash character. |
| This option may be given more than once. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-alt\-machine\-code=\fR\fIindex\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--alt-machine-code=index" |
| If the output architecture has alternate machine codes, use the |
| \&\fIindex\fRth code instead of the default one. This is useful in case |
| a machine is assigned an official code and the tool-chain adopts the |
| new code, but other applications still depend on the original code |
| being used. For \s-1ELF\s0 based architectures if the \fIindex\fR |
| alternative does not exist then the value is treated as an absolute |
| number to be stored in the e_machine field of the \s-1ELF\s0 header. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-writable\-text\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--writable-text" |
| Mark the output text as writable. This option isn't meaningful for all |
| object file formats. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-readonly\-text\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--readonly-text" |
| Make the output text write protected. This option isn't meaningful for all |
| object file formats. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-pure\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--pure" |
| Mark the output file as demand paged. This option isn't meaningful for all |
| object file formats. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-impure\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--impure" |
| Mark the output file as impure. This option isn't meaningful for all |
| object file formats. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-prefix\-symbols=\fR\fIstring\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--prefix-symbols=string" |
| Prefix all symbols in the output file with \fIstring\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-prefix\-sections=\fR\fIstring\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--prefix-sections=string" |
| Prefix all section names in the output file with \fIstring\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-prefix\-alloc\-sections=\fR\fIstring\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--prefix-alloc-sections=string" |
| Prefix all the names of all allocated sections in the output file with |
| \&\fIstring\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-add\-gnu\-debuglink=\fR\fIpath-to-file\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--add-gnu-debuglink=path-to-file" |
| Creates a .gnu_debuglink section which contains a reference to \fIpath-to-file\fR |
| and adds it to the output file. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-keep\-file\-symbols\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--keep-file-symbols" |
| When stripping a file, perhaps with \fB\-\-strip\-debug\fR or |
| \&\fB\-\-strip\-unneeded\fR, retain any symbols specifying source file names, |
| which would otherwise get stripped. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-only\-keep\-debug\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--only-keep-debug" |
| Strip a file, removing contents of any sections that would not be |
| stripped by \fB\-\-strip\-debug\fR and leaving the debugging sections |
| intact. In \s-1ELF\s0 files, this preserves all note sections in the output. |
| .Sp |
| The intention is that this option will be used in conjunction with |
| \&\fB\-\-add\-gnu\-debuglink\fR to create a two part executable. One a |
| stripped binary which will occupy less space in \s-1RAM\s0 and in a |
| distribution and the second a debugging information file which is only |
| needed if debugging abilities are required. The suggested procedure |
| to create these files is as follows: |
| .RS 4 |
| .IP "1.<Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called>" 4 |
| .IX Item "1.<Link the executable as normal. Assuming that is is called>" |
| \&\f(CW\*(C`foo\*(C'\fR then... |
| .ie n .IP "1.<Run ""objcopy \-\-only\-keep\-debug foo foo.dbg"" to>" 4 |
| .el .IP "1.<Run \f(CWobjcopy \-\-only\-keep\-debug foo foo.dbg\fR to>" 4 |
| .IX Item "1.<Run objcopy --only-keep-debug foo foo.dbg to>" |
| create a file containing the debugging info. |
| .ie n .IP "1.<Run ""objcopy \-\-strip\-debug foo"" to create a>" 4 |
| .el .IP "1.<Run \f(CWobjcopy \-\-strip\-debug foo\fR to create a>" 4 |
| .IX Item "1.<Run objcopy --strip-debug foo to create a>" |
| stripped executable. |
| .ie n .IP "1.<Run ""objcopy \-\-add\-gnu\-debuglink=foo.dbg foo"">" 4 |
| .el .IP "1.<Run \f(CWobjcopy \-\-add\-gnu\-debuglink=foo.dbg foo\fR>" 4 |
| .IX Item "1.<Run objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.dbg foo>" |
| to add a link to the debugging info into the stripped executable. |
| .RE |
| .RS 4 |
| .Sp |
| Note\-\-\-the choice of \f(CW\*(C`.dbg\*(C'\fR as an extension for the debug info |
| file is arbitrary. Also the \f(CW\*(C`\-\-only\-keep\-debug\*(C'\fR step is |
| optional. You could instead do this: |
| .IP "1.<Link the executable as normal.>" 4 |
| .IX Item "1.<Link the executable as normal.>" |
| .PD 0 |
| .ie n .IP "1.<Copy ""foo"" to ""foo.full"">" 4 |
| .el .IP "1.<Copy \f(CWfoo\fR to \f(CWfoo.full\fR>" 4 |
| .IX Item "1.<Copy foo to foo.full>" |
| .ie n .IP "1.<Run ""objcopy \-\-strip\-debug foo"">" 4 |
| .el .IP "1.<Run \f(CWobjcopy \-\-strip\-debug foo\fR>" 4 |
| .IX Item "1.<Run objcopy --strip-debug foo>" |
| .ie n .IP "1.<Run ""objcopy \-\-add\-gnu\-debuglink=foo.full foo"">" 4 |
| .el .IP "1.<Run \f(CWobjcopy \-\-add\-gnu\-debuglink=foo.full foo\fR>" 4 |
| .IX Item "1.<Run objcopy --add-gnu-debuglink=foo.full foo>" |
| .RE |
| .RS 4 |
| .PD |
| .Sp |
| i.e., the file pointed to by the \fB\-\-add\-gnu\-debuglink\fR can be the |
| full executable. It does not have to be a file created by the |
| \&\fB\-\-only\-keep\-debug\fR switch. |
| .Sp |
| Note\-\-\-this switch is only intended for use on fully linked files. It |
| does not make sense to use it on object files where the debugging |
| information may be incomplete. Besides the gnu_debuglink feature |
| currently only supports the presence of one filename containing |
| debugging information, not multiple filenames on a one-per-object-file |
| basis. |
| .RE |
| .IP "\fB\-\-file\-alignment\fR \fInum\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--file-alignment num" |
| Specify the file alignment. Sections in the file will always begin at |
| file offsets which are multiples of this number. This defaults to |
| 512. |
| [This option is specific to \s-1PE\s0 targets.] |
| .IP "\fB\-\-heap\fR \fIreserve\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--heap reserve" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-heap\fR \fIreserve\fR\fB,\fR\fIcommit\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--heap reserve,commit" |
| .PD |
| Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) |
| to be used as heap for this program. |
| [This option is specific to \s-1PE\s0 targets.] |
| .IP "\fB\-\-image\-base\fR \fIvalue\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--image-base value" |
| Use \fIvalue\fR as the base address of your program or dll. This is |
| the lowest memory location that will be used when your program or dll |
| is loaded. To reduce the need to relocate and improve performance of |
| your dlls, each should have a unique base address and not overlap any |
| other dlls. The default is 0x400000 for executables, and 0x10000000 |
| for dlls. |
| [This option is specific to \s-1PE\s0 targets.] |
| .IP "\fB\-\-section\-alignment\fR \fInum\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--section-alignment num" |
| Sets the section alignment. Sections in memory will always begin at |
| addresses which are a multiple of this number. Defaults to 0x1000. |
| [This option is specific to \s-1PE\s0 targets.] |
| .IP "\fB\-\-stack\fR \fIreserve\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--stack reserve" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-stack\fR \fIreserve\fR\fB,\fR\fIcommit\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--stack reserve,commit" |
| .PD |
| Specify the number of bytes of memory to reserve (and optionally commit) |
| to be used as stack for this program. |
| [This option is specific to \s-1PE\s0 targets.] |
| .IP "\fB\-\-subsystem\fR \fIwhich\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--subsystem which" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-subsystem\fR \fIwhich\fR\fB:\fR\fImajor\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--subsystem which:major" |
| .IP "\fB\-\-subsystem\fR \fIwhich\fR\fB:\fR\fImajor\fR\fB.\fR\fIminor\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--subsystem which:major.minor" |
| .PD |
| Specifies the subsystem under which your program will execute. The |
| legal values for \fIwhich\fR are \f(CW\*(C`native\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`windows\*(C'\fR, |
| \&\f(CW\*(C`console\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`posix\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`efi\-app\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`efi\-bsd\*(C'\fR, |
| \&\f(CW\*(C`efi\-rtd\*(C'\fR, \f(CW\*(C`sal\-rtd\*(C'\fR, and \f(CW\*(C`xbox\*(C'\fR. You may optionally set |
| the subsystem version also. Numeric values are also accepted for |
| \&\fIwhich\fR. |
| [This option is specific to \s-1PE\s0 targets.] |
| .IP "\fB\-\-extract\-symbol\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--extract-symbol" |
| Keep the file's section flags and symbols but remove all section data. |
| Specifically, the option: |
| .RS 4 |
| .IP "*<removes the contents of all sections;>" 4 |
| .IX Item "*<removes the contents of all sections;>" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "*<sets the size of every section to zero; and>" 4 |
| .IX Item "*<sets the size of every section to zero; and>" |
| .IP "*<sets the file's start address to zero.>" 4 |
| .IX Item "*<sets the file's start address to zero.>" |
| .RE |
| .RS 4 |
| .PD |
| .Sp |
| This option is used to build a \fI.sym\fR file for a VxWorks kernel. |
| It can also be a useful way of reducing the size of a \fB\-\-just\-symbols\fR |
| linker input file. |
| .RE |
| .IP "\fB\-\-compress\-debug\-sections\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--compress-debug-sections" |
| Compress \s-1DWARF\s0 debug sections using zlib. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-decompress\-debug\-sections\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--decompress-debug-sections" |
| Decompress \s-1DWARF\s0 debug sections using zlib. |
| .IP "\fB\-V\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-V" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-version\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--version" |
| .PD |
| Show the version number of \fBobjcopy\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-v\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "-v" |
| .PD 0 |
| .IP "\fB\-\-verbose\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--verbose" |
| .PD |
| Verbose output: list all object files modified. In the case of |
| archives, \fBobjcopy \-V\fR lists all members of the archive. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-help\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--help" |
| Show a summary of the options to \fBobjcopy\fR. |
| .IP "\fB\-\-info\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "--info" |
| Display a list showing all architectures and object formats available. |
| .IP "\fB@\fR\fIfile\fR" 4 |
| .IX Item "@file" |
| Read command-line options from \fIfile\fR. The options read are |
| inserted in place of the original @\fIfile\fR option. If \fIfile\fR |
| does not exist, or cannot be read, then the option will be treated |
| literally, and not removed. |
| .Sp |
| Options in \fIfile\fR are separated by whitespace. A whitespace |
| character may be included in an option by surrounding the entire |
| option in either single or double quotes. Any character (including a |
| backslash) may be included by prefixing the character to be included |
| with a backslash. The \fIfile\fR may itself contain additional |
| @\fIfile\fR options; any such options will be processed recursively. |
| .SH "SEE ALSO" |
| .IX Header "SEE ALSO" |
| \&\fIld\fR\|(1), \fIobjdump\fR\|(1), and the Info entries for \fIbinutils\fR. |
| .SH "COPYRIGHT" |
| .IX Header "COPYRIGHT" |
| Copyright (c) 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, |
| 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010, 2011 |
| Free Software Foundation, Inc. |
| .PP |
| Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document |
| under the terms of the \s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License, Version 1.3 |
| or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; |
| with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts, and with no |
| Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included in the |
| section entitled \*(L"\s-1GNU\s0 Free Documentation License\*(R". |
