.\" -*- nroff -*-
.\" Portions of this file are subject to the following copyright.  See
.\" the Net-SNMP COPYING file for more details and other copyrights
.\" that may apply:
.\" /***********************************************************
.\" 	Copyright 1988, 1989 by Carnegie Mellon University
.\" 
.\"                       All Rights Reserved
.\" 
.\" Permission to use, copy, modify, and distribute this software and its 
.\" documentation for any purpose and without fee is hereby granted, 
.\" provided that the above copyright notice appear in all copies and that
.\" both that copyright notice and this permission notice appear in 
.\" supporting documentation, and that the name of CMU not be
.\" used in advertising or publicity pertaining to distribution of the
.\" software without specific, written prior permission.  
.\" 
.\" CMU DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES WITH REGARD TO THIS SOFTWARE, INCLUDING
.\" ALL IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS, IN NO EVENT SHALL
.\" CMU BE LIABLE FOR ANY SPECIAL, INDIRECT OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES OR
.\" ANY DAMAGES WHATSOEVER RESULTING FROM LOSS OF USE, DATA OR PROFITS,
.\" WHETHER IN AN ACTION OF CONTRACT, NEGLIGENCE OR OTHER TORTIOUS ACTION,
.\" ARISING OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE USE OR PERFORMANCE OF THIS
.\" SOFTWARE.
.\" ******************************************************************/
.TH VARIABLES 5 "01 Oct 2010" VVERSIONINFO "Net-SNMP"
.SH NAME
    variables - Format of specifying variable names to SNMP tools.
.SH DESCRIPTION
The syntax and semantics of management information in SNMP is
given by the definitions of MIB objects, loaded from one or more
MIB files (or "MIB modules").  These definitions are not strictly
required for the SNMP protocol to operate correctly, but are typically
needed by SNMP client applications to display information in a
meaningful manner.

The MIB file also serves as a design document when developing an SNMP
agent (or sub-agent) that provides this information, and ensures that
client and server share a common understanding about what management
information represents.

.SH OIDs
MIB objects are specified using Object Identifiers (OIDs), which can
take a number of forms.   Note that all of the examples in this section
refer to the same MIB object.
.SS Numeric OIDs
The fundamental format of an OID is a sequence of integer values
(or "subidentifiers"), typically written using dots to separate
the individual subidentifiers.
.RS
 .1.3.6.1.2.1.1.1
.RE
This is the format that is used within the SNMP protocol itself,
in the packets that are sent over the network.
.PP
This form of representing an OID does not require MIB files or MIB
object definitions to be available.  However it does rely on the
client application and/or network administrator knowing what a
given numeric OID refers to.  As such, it is not a particularly
helpful representation to anyone just starting out with SNMP.
.PP
This format can be obtained by giving the command-line option
-On
to most Net-SNMP commands.

.SS Full OID path
A similar (but somewhat more informative) format uses the same
dotted list representation, but with the numeric subidentifiers
replaced by names, taken from the relevant MIB file(s).
.RS
 .iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2.system.sysDescr
.RE
This uniquely identifies a particular MIB object (as with the numeric
OID), but the list of names should hopefully give some indication as
to what information this object represents.  However it does rely on
the relevant MIB files being available (as do all formats other than
the purely numeric OID).  Such OIDs also tend to be fairly long!
.PP
This format can be obtained by giving the command-line option
-Of
to most Net-SNMP commands.
.PP
A variant of this (typically used when writing OIDs in descriptive
text, rather than running programs), is to combine the name and
numeric subidentifier:
.RS
 .iso(1).org(3).dod(6).internet(1).mgmt(2).mib-2(1).system(1).sysDescr(1)
.RE

.SS Module-qualified OIDs
An alternative way to (more-or-less) uniquely specify an OID,
is to give the name of the MIB object, together with the MIB
module where it is defined.
.RS
SNMPv2-MIB::sysDescr
.RE
MIB object names are unique within a given module, so as long
as there are not two MIB modules with the same name (which is
unusual, though not unheard of), this format specifies the
desired object in a reasonably compact form.  It also makes
it relatively easy to find the definition of the MIB object.
.PP
This is the default format for displaying OIDs in Net-SNMP applications.
It can also be specified explicitly by giving the command-line option
-OS
to most Net-SNMP commands.

.SS Object name
Possibly the most common form for specifying MIB objects is
using the name of the object alone - without the full path or
the name of the module that defines it.
.RS
sysDescr
.RE
This is by far the shortest and most convenient way to refer to
a MIB object.  However the danger is that if two MIB modules each
define a MIB object with the same name (which is perfectly legal
in some circumstances), then it's not necessarily clear which MIB
object is actually meant.
For day-to-day use, particularly when using standard MIB objects,
this is \fIprobaby\fP safe.
But it's important to be aware of the potential ambiguities.
.PP
This format can be obtained by giving the command-line option
-Os
to most Net-SNMP commands.

.SS UCD-format
Previous versions of the code (UCD v4.x and earlier) used a
simple approach to shortening the way OIDs were specified.
If the full path of the OID began with
\fC.iso.org.dod.internet.mgmt.mib-2\fP
then this prefix was removed from the OID before displaying it.
All other OIDs were displayed in full.
.PP
Similarly, if an OID was passed to the UCD library that did
not begin with a dot (and wasn't in the module::name format),
then the same prefix was prepended.   The example OID from the
formats listed above would therefore be given or displayed as
.RS
system.sysDescr
.RE
The inconsistent handling of OIDs, depending on their location
within the OID tree, proved to be more trouble than it was worth,
and this format is no longer recommended.
.PP
The previous behaviour can be obtained by giving the command-line
option
-Ou
(for displaying output), or
-Iu
(for interpreting input OIDs without a leading dot)
to most Net-SNMP commands.
.\"
.\" ====================================
.\"
.\" ToDo:
.\"   Instances:
.\"      Scalars
.\"      Tables & indexing
.\"         string indexes - 'abc' vs "abc"
'\"      Internal objects
.\"
.\"  ? Syntax types
.\"
.\" ====================================
.\".PP
.\"The description of the variables in the MIB is given in the set of MIB
.\"files defined by the MIBS environment variable (or the default list
.\"defined at compilation time) and the MIB files in the
.\"DATADIR/snmp/mibs directory (or the MIBDIRS environment variable).
.SH "SEE ALSO"
snmpcmd(1)
.SH BUGS
The parser of the MIB files file is not expected to handle bizarre
(although correct) interpretations of the ASN.1 notation.