.TH DNSMASQ 8
.SH NAME
dnsmasq \- A lightweight DHCP and caching DNS server.
.SH SYNOPSIS
.B dnsmasq
.I [OPTION]...
.SH "DESCRIPTION"
.BR dnsmasq
is a lightweight DNS, TFTP, PXE, router advertisement and DHCP server. It is intended to provide 
coupled DNS and DHCP service to a LAN.
.PP
Dnsmasq accepts DNS queries and either answers them from a small, local,
cache or forwards them to a real, recursive, DNS server. It loads the
contents of /etc/hosts so that local hostnames
which do not appear in the global DNS can be resolved and also answers
DNS queries for DHCP configured hosts. It can also act as the
authoritative DNS server for one or more domains, allowing local names
to appear in the global DNS. It can be configured to do DNSSEC
validation.
.PP
The dnsmasq DHCP server supports static address assignments and multiple
networks. It automatically
sends a sensible default set of DHCP options, and can be configured to
send any desired set of DHCP options, including vendor-encapsulated
options. It includes a secure, read-only,
TFTP server to allow net/PXE boot of DHCP hosts and also supports BOOTP. The PXE support is full featured, and includes a proxy mode which supplies PXE information to clients whilst DHCP address allocation is done by another server.
.PP
The dnsmasq DHCPv6 server provides the same set of features as the
DHCPv4 server, and in addition, it includes router advertisements and
a neat feature which allows nameing for clients which use DHCPv4 and
stateless autoconfiguration only for IPv6 configuration. There is support for doing address allocation (both DHCPv6 and RA) from subnets which are dynamically delegated via DHCPv6 prefix delegation.
.PP
Dnsmasq is coded with small embedded systems in mind. It aims for the smallest possible memory footprint compatible with the supported functions,  and allows uneeded functions to be omitted from the compiled binary.  
.SH OPTIONS
Note that in general missing parameters are allowed and switch off
functions, for instance "--pid-file" disables writing a PID file. On
BSD, unless the GNU getopt library is linked, the long form of the
options does not work on the command line; it is still recognised in
the configuration file.
.TP
.B --test
Read and syntax check configuration file(s). Exit with code 0 if all
is OK, or a non-zero code otherwise. Do not start up dnsmasq.
.TP
.B \-h, --no-hosts
Don't read the hostnames in /etc/hosts.
.TP
.B \-H, --addn-hosts=<file>
Additional hosts file. Read the specified file as well as /etc/hosts. If -h is given, read
only the specified file. This option may be repeated for more than one
additional hosts file. If a directory is given, then read all the files contained in that directory. 
.TP
.B \-E, --expand-hosts
Add the domain to simple names (without a period) in /etc/hosts
in the same way as for DHCP-derived names. Note that this does not
apply to domain names in cnames, PTR records, TXT records etc.
.TP
.B \-T, --local-ttl=<time>
When replying with information from /etc/hosts or the DHCP leases
file dnsmasq by default sets the time-to-live field to zero, meaning
that the requester should not itself cache the information. This is
the correct thing to do in almost all situations. This option allows a
time-to-live (in seconds) to be given for these replies. This will
reduce the load on the server at the expense of clients using stale
data under some circumstances.
.TP
.B --neg-ttl=<time>
Negative replies from upstream servers normally contain time-to-live
information in SOA records which dnsmasq uses for caching. If the
replies from upstream servers omit this information, dnsmasq does not
cache the reply. This option gives a default value for time-to-live
(in seconds) which dnsmasq uses to cache negative replies even in 
the absence of an SOA record. 
.TP
.B --max-ttl=<time>
Set a maximum TTL value that will be handed out to clients. The specified
maximum TTL will be given to clients instead of the true TTL value if it is 
lower. The true TTL value is however kept in the cache to avoid flooding 
the upstream DNS servers.
.TP
.B --max-cache-ttl=<time>
Set a maximum TTL value for entries in the cache.
.TP
.B --min-cache-ttl=<time>
Extend short TTL values to the time given when caching them. Note that
artificially extending TTL values is in general a bad idea, do not do it 
unless you have a good reason, and understand what you are doing. 
Dnsmasq limits the value of this option to one hour, unless recompiled.
.TP
.B --auth-ttl=<time>
Set the TTL value returned in answers from the authoritative server.
.TP
.B \-k, --keep-in-foreground
Do not go into the background at startup but otherwise run as
normal. This is intended for use when dnsmasq is run under daemontools
or launchd.
.TP
.B \-d, --no-daemon
Debug mode: don't fork to the background, don't write a pid file,
don't change user id, generate a complete cache dump on receipt on
SIGUSR1, log to stderr as well as syslog, don't fork new processes
to handle TCP queries. Note that this option is for use in debugging
only, to stop dnsmasq daemonising in production, use 
.B -k.
.TP
.B \-q, --log-queries
Log the results of DNS queries handled by dnsmasq. Enable a full cache dump on receipt of SIGUSR1. If the argument "extra" is supplied, ie
.B --log-queries=extra
then the log has extra information at the start of each line.
This consists of a serial number which ties together the log lines associated with an individual query, and the IP address of the requestor.
.TP
.B \-8, --log-facility=<facility>
Set the facility to which dnsmasq will send syslog entries, this
defaults to DAEMON, and to LOCAL0 when debug mode is in operation. If
the facility given contains at least one '/' character, it is taken to
be a filename, and dnsmasq logs to the given file, instead of
syslog. If the facility is '-' then dnsmasq logs to stderr.
(Errors whilst reading configuration will still go to syslog,
but all output from a successful startup, and all output whilst
running, will go exclusively to the file.) When logging to a file,
dnsmasq will close and reopen the file when it receives SIGUSR2. This 
allows the log file to be rotated without stopping dnsmasq.
.TP
.B --log-async[=<lines>]
Enable asynchronous logging and optionally set the limit on the
number of lines
which will be queued by dnsmasq when writing to the syslog is slow. 
Dnsmasq can log asynchronously: this
allows it to continue functioning without being blocked by syslog, and
allows syslog to use dnsmasq for DNS queries without risking deadlock.
If the queue of log-lines becomes full, dnsmasq will log the
overflow, and the number of messages  lost. The default queue length is
5, a sane value would be 5-25, and a maximum limit of 100 is imposed.
.TP
.B \-x, --pid-file=<path>
Specify an alternate path for dnsmasq to record its process-id in. Normally /var/run/dnsmasq.pid.
.TP
.B \-u, --user=<username>
Specify the userid to which dnsmasq will change after startup. Dnsmasq must normally be started as root, but it will drop root 
privileges after startup by changing id to another user. Normally this user is "nobody" but that 
can be over-ridden with this switch.
.TP
.B \-g, --group=<groupname> 
Specify the group which dnsmasq will run
as. The defaults to "dip", if available, to facilitate access to
/etc/ppp/resolv.conf which is not normally world readable.
.TP
.B \-v, --version
Print the version number.
.TP
.B \-p, --port=<port>
Listen on <port> instead of the standard DNS port (53). Setting this
to zero completely disables DNS function, leaving only DHCP and/or TFTP.
.TP
.B \-P, --edns-packet-max=<size>
Specify the largest EDNS.0 UDP packet which is supported by the DNS
forwarder. Defaults to 4096, which is the RFC5625-recommended size.
.TP
.B \-Q, --query-port=<query_port>
Send outbound DNS queries from, and listen for their replies on, the
specific UDP port <query_port> instead of using random ports. NOTE
that using this option will make dnsmasq less secure against DNS
spoofing attacks but it may be faster and use less resources.  Setting this option
to zero makes dnsmasq use a single port allocated to it by the
OS: this was the default behaviour in versions prior to 2.43. 
.TP
.B --min-port=<port>
Do not use ports less than that given as source for outbound DNS
queries. Dnsmasq picks random ports as source for outbound queries:
when this option is given, the ports used will always to larger
than that specified. Useful for systems behind firewalls. 
.TP
.B \-i, --interface=<interface name>
Listen only on the specified interface(s). Dnsmasq automatically adds
the loopback (local) interface to the list of interfaces to use when
the
.B \--interface
option  is used. If no
.B \--interface
or
.B \--listen-address
options are given dnsmasq listens on all available interfaces except any
given in
.B \--except-interface
options. IP alias interfaces (eg "eth1:0") cannot be used with
.B --interface
or
.B --except-interface
options, use --listen-address instead. A simple wildcard, consisting
of a trailing '*', can be used in 
.B \--interface 
and
.B \--except-interface
options. 
.TP
.B \-I, --except-interface=<interface name>
Do not listen on the specified interface. Note that the order of
.B \--listen-address
.B --interface
and
.B --except-interface
options does not matter and that 
.B --except-interface
options always override the others.
.TP
.B --auth-server=<domain>,<interface>|<ip-address>
Enable DNS authoritative mode for queries arriving at an interface or address. Note that the interface or address
need not be mentioned in 
.B --interface
or 
.B --listen-address
configuration, indeed
.B --auth-server
will overide these and provide a different DNS service on the
specified interface. The <domain> is the "glue record". It should
resolve in the global DNS to a A and/or AAAA record which points to
the address dnsmasq is listening on. When an interface is specified,
it may be qualified with "/4" or "/6" to specify only the IPv4 or IPv6
addresses associated with the interface.
.TP
.B --local-service
Accept DNS queries only from hosts whose address is on a local subnet,
ie a subnet for which an interface exists on the server. This option
only has effect is there are no --interface --except-interface,
--listen-address or --auth-server options. It is intended to be set as
a default on installation, to allow unconfigured installations to be
useful but also safe from being used for DNS amplification attacks.
.TP 
.B \-2, --no-dhcp-interface=<interface name>
Do not provide DHCP or TFTP on the specified interface, but do provide DNS service.
.TP
.B \-a, --listen-address=<ipaddr>
Listen on the given IP address(es). Both 
.B \--interface
and
.B \--listen-address
options may be given, in which case the set of both interfaces and
addresses is used. Note that if no
.B \--interface
option is given, but 
.B \--listen-address
is, dnsmasq will not automatically listen on the loopback
interface. To achieve this, its IP address, 127.0.0.1, must be
explicitly given as a 
.B \--listen-address
option.
.TP
.B \-z, --bind-interfaces
On systems which support it, dnsmasq binds the wildcard address,
even when it is listening on only some interfaces. It then discards
requests that it shouldn't reply to. This has the advantage of 
working even when interfaces come and go and change address. This
option forces dnsmasq to really bind only the interfaces it is
listening on. About the only time when this is useful is when 
running another nameserver (or another instance of dnsmasq) on the
same machine. Setting this option also enables multiple instances of
dnsmasq which provide DHCP service to run in the same machine.
.TP
.B --bind-dynamic
Enable a network mode which is a hybrid between 
.B --bind-interfaces
and the default. Dnsmasq binds the address of individual interfaces,
allowing multiple dnsmasq instances, but if new interfaces or
addresses appear, it automatically listens on those (subject to any
access-control configuration). This makes dynamically created
interfaces work in the same way as the default. Implementing this
option requires non-standard networking APIs and it is only available
under Linux. On other platforms it falls-back to --bind-interfaces mode.
.TP
.B \-y, --localise-queries
Return answers to DNS queries from /etc/hosts which depend on the interface over which the query was
received. If a name in /etc/hosts has more than one address associated with
it, and at least one of those addresses is on the same subnet as the
interface to which the query was sent, then return only the
address(es) on that subnet. This allows for a server  to have multiple
addresses in /etc/hosts corresponding to each of its interfaces, and
hosts will get the correct address based on which network they are
attached to. Currently this facility is limited to IPv4.
.TP
.B \-b, --bogus-priv
Bogus private reverse lookups. All reverse lookups for private IP ranges (ie 192.168.x.x, etc)
which are not found in /etc/hosts or the DHCP leases file are answered
with "no such domain" rather than being forwarded upstream.
.TP
.B \-V, --alias=[<old-ip>]|[<start-ip>-<end-ip>],<new-ip>[,<mask>]
Modify IPv4 addresses returned from upstream nameservers; old-ip is
replaced by new-ip. If the optional mask is given then any address
which matches the masked old-ip will be re-written. So, for instance
.B --alias=1.2.3.0,6.7.8.0,255.255.255.0 
will map 1.2.3.56 to 6.7.8.56 and 1.2.3.67 to 6.7.8.67. This is what
Cisco PIX routers call "DNS doctoring". If the old IP is given as
range, then only addresses in the range, rather than a whole subnet,
are re-written. So 
.B --alias=192.168.0.10-192.168.0.40,10.0.0.0,255.255.255.0
maps 192.168.0.10->192.168.0.40 to 10.0.0.10->10.0.0.40
.TP 
.B \-B, --bogus-nxdomain=<ipaddr>
Transform replies which contain the IP address given into "No such
domain" replies. This is intended to counteract a devious move made by
Verisign in September 2003 when they started returning the address of
an advertising web page in response to queries for unregistered names,
instead of the correct NXDOMAIN response. This option tells dnsmasq to
fake the correct response when it sees this behaviour. As at Sept 2003
the IP address being returned by Verisign is 64.94.110.11
.TP 
.B \-B, --ignore-address=<ipaddr>
Ignore replies to A-record queries which include the specified address. 
No error is generated, dnsmasq simply continues to listen for another reply. 
This is useful to defeat blocking strategies which rely on quickly supplying a
forged answer to a DNS request for certain domain, before the correct answer can arrive.
.TP
.B \-f, --filterwin2k
Later versions of windows make periodic DNS requests which don't get sensible answers from
the public DNS and can cause problems by triggering dial-on-demand links. This flag turns on an option
to filter such requests. The requests blocked are for records of types SOA and SRV, and type ANY where the 
requested name has underscores, to catch LDAP requests.
.TP
.B \-r, --resolv-file=<file>
Read the IP addresses of the upstream nameservers from <file>, instead of
/etc/resolv.conf. For the format of this file see
.BR resolv.conf (5). 
The only lines relevant to dnsmasq are nameserver ones. Dnsmasq can
be told to poll more than one resolv.conf file, the first file name  specified
overrides the default, subsequent ones add to the list. This is only
allowed when polling; the file with the currently latest modification
time is the one used. 
.TP
.B \-R, --no-resolv
Don't read /etc/resolv.conf. Get upstream servers only from the command
line or the dnsmasq configuration file.
.TP
.B \-1, --enable-dbus[=<service-name>]
Allow dnsmasq configuration to be updated via DBus method calls. The
configuration which can be changed is upstream DNS servers (and
corresponding domains) and cache clear. Requires that dnsmasq has
been built with DBus support. If the service name is given, dnsmasq
provides service at that name, rather than the default which is 
.B uk.org.thekelleys.dnsmasq
.TP 
.B \-o, --strict-order
By default, dnsmasq will send queries to any of the upstream servers
it knows about and tries to favour servers that are known to
be up. Setting this flag forces dnsmasq to try each query with each
server strictly in the order they appear in /etc/resolv.conf
.TP
.B --all-servers
By default, when dnsmasq has more than one upstream server available,
it will send queries to just one server. Setting this flag forces
dnsmasq to send all queries to all available servers. The reply from
the server which answers first will be returned to the original requester.
.TP
.B --dns-loop-detect
Enable code to detect DNS forwarding loops; ie the situation where a query sent to one 
of the upstream server eventually returns as a new query to the dnsmasq instance. The
process works by generating TXT queries of the form <hex>.test and sending them to
each upstream server. The hex is a UID which encodes the instance of dnsmasq sending the query
and the upstream server to which it was sent. If the query returns to the server which sent it, then
the upstream server through which it was sent is disabled and this event is logged. Each time the
set of upstream servers changes, the test is re-run on all of them, including ones which
were previously disabled.
.TP
.B --stop-dns-rebind
Reject (and log) addresses from upstream nameservers which are in the
private IP ranges. This blocks an attack where a browser behind a
firewall is used to probe machines on the local network.
.TP
.B --rebind-localhost-ok
Exempt 127.0.0.0/8 from rebinding checks. This address range is
returned by realtime black hole servers, so blocking it may disable
these services.
.TP 
.B  --rebind-domain-ok=[<domain>]|[[/<domain>/[<domain>/]
Do not detect and block dns-rebind on queries to these domains. The
argument may be either a single domain, or multiple domains surrounded
by '/', like the --server syntax, eg. 
.B  --rebind-domain-ok=/domain1/domain2/domain3/
.TP
.B \-n, --no-poll
Don't poll /etc/resolv.conf for changes.
.TP
.B --clear-on-reload
Whenever /etc/resolv.conf is re-read or the upstream servers are set
via DBus, clear the DNS cache.
This is useful when new nameservers may have different
data than that held in cache.
.TP
.B \-D, --domain-needed
Tells dnsmasq to never forward A or AAAA queries for plain names, without dots
or domain parts, to upstream nameservers. If the name is not known
from /etc/hosts or DHCP then a "not found" answer is returned.
.TP
.B \-S, --local, --server=[/[<domain>]/[domain/]][<ipaddr>[#<port>][@<source-ip>|<interface>[#<port>]]
Specify IP address of upstream servers directly. Setting this flag does
not suppress reading of /etc/resolv.conf, use -R to do that. If one or
more 
optional domains are given, that server is used only for those domains
and they are queried only using the specified server. This is
intended for private nameservers: if you have a nameserver on your
network which deals with names of the form
xxx.internal.thekelleys.org.uk at 192.168.1.1 then giving  the flag 
.B -S /internal.thekelleys.org.uk/192.168.1.1 
will send all queries for
internal machines to that nameserver, everything else will go to the
servers in /etc/resolv.conf. An empty domain specification,
.B // 
has the special meaning of "unqualified names only" ie names without any
dots in them. A non-standard port may be specified as 
part of the IP
address using a # character.
More than one -S flag is allowed, with
repeated domain or ipaddr parts as required.

More specific domains take precendence over less specific domains, so:
.B --server=/google.com/1.2.3.4
.B --server=/www.google.com/2.3.4.5
will send queries for *.google.com to 1.2.3.4, except *www.google.com,
which will go to 2.3.4.5

The special server address '#' means, "use the standard servers", so
.B --server=/google.com/1.2.3.4
.B --server=/www.google.com/#
will send queries for *.google.com to 1.2.3.4, except *www.google.com which will
be forwarded as usual.

Also permitted is a -S
flag which gives a domain but no IP address; this tells dnsmasq that
a domain is local and it may answer queries from /etc/hosts or DHCP
but should never forward queries on that domain to any upstream
servers.
.B local
is a synonym for
.B server
to make configuration files clearer in this case.

IPv6 addresses may include a %interface scope-id, eg
fe80::202:a412:4512:7bbf%eth0.

The optional string after the @ character tells
dnsmasq how to set the source of the queries to this
nameserver. It should be an ip-address, which should belong to the machine on which
dnsmasq is running otherwise this server line will be logged and then
ignored, or an interface name. If an interface name is given, then
queries to the server will be forced via that interface; if an
ip-address is given then the source address of the queries will be set
to that address.
The query-port flag is ignored for any servers which have a
source address specified but the port may be specified directly as
part of the source address. Forcing queries to an interface is not
implemented on all platforms supported by dnsmasq.
.TP
.B --rev-server=<ip-address>/<prefix-len>,<ipaddr>[#<port>][@<source-ip>|<interface>[#<port>]]
This is functionally the same as 
.B --server, 
but provides some syntactic sugar to make specifying address-to-name queries easier. For example
.B --rev-server=1.2.3.0/24,192.168.0.1
is exactly equivalent to 
.B --server=/3.2.1.in-addr.arpa/192.168.0.1
.TP
.B \-A, --address=/<domain>/[domain/]<ipaddr>
Specify an IP address to return for any host in the given domains.
Queries in the domains are never forwarded and always replied to
with the specified IP address which may be IPv4 or IPv6. To give
both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses for a domain, use repeated -A flags.
Note that /etc/hosts and DHCP leases override this for individual
names. A common use of this is to redirect the entire doubleclick.net
domain to some friendly local web server to avoid banner ads. The
domain specification works in the same was as for --server, with the
additional facility that /#/ matches any domain. Thus
--address=/#/1.2.3.4 will always return 1.2.3.4 for any query not
answered from /etc/hosts or DHCP and not sent to an upstream
nameserver by a more specific --server directive.
.TP
.B --ipset=/<domain>/[domain/]<ipset>[,<ipset>]
Places the resolved IP addresses of queries for the specified domains
in the specified netfilter ip sets. Domains and subdomains are matched
in the same way as --address. These ip sets must already exist. See
ipset(8) for more details.
.TP
.B \-m, --mx-host=<mx name>[[,<hostname>],<preference>]
Return an MX record named <mx name> pointing to the given hostname (if
given), or
the host specified in the --mx-target switch
or, if that switch is not given, the host on which dnsmasq 
is running. The default is useful for directing mail from systems on a LAN
to a central server. The preference value is optional, and defaults to
1 if not given. More than one MX record may be given for a host.
.TP 
.B \-t, --mx-target=<hostname>
Specify the default target for the MX record returned by dnsmasq. See
--mx-host.  If --mx-target is given, but not --mx-host, then dnsmasq
returns a MX record containing the MX target for MX queries on the 
hostname of the machine on which dnsmasq is running.
.TP
.B \-e, --selfmx
Return an MX record pointing to itself for each local
machine. Local machines are those in /etc/hosts or with DHCP leases.
.TP 
.B \-L, --localmx
Return an MX record pointing to the host given by mx-target (or the
machine on which dnsmasq is running) for each
local machine. Local machines are those in /etc/hosts or with DHCP
leases.
.TP
.B \-W, --srv-host=<_service>.<_prot>.[<domain>],[<target>[,<port>[,<priority>[,<weight>]]]]
Return a SRV DNS record. See RFC2782 for details. If not supplied, the
domain defaults to that given by
.B --domain.
The default for the target domain is empty, and the default for port
is one and the defaults for 
weight and priority are zero. Be careful if transposing data from BIND
zone files: the port, weight and priority numbers are in a different
order. More than one SRV record for a given service/domain is allowed,
all that match are returned.
.TP
.B --host-record=<name>[,<name>....][<IPv4-address>],[<IPv6-address>]
Add A, AAAA and PTR records to the DNS. This adds one or more names to
the DNS with associated IPv4 (A) and IPv6 (AAAA) records. A name may
appear in more than one 
.B host-record
and therefore be assigned more than one address. Only the first
address creates a PTR record linking the address to the name. This is
the same rule as is used reading hosts-files. 
.B host-record
options are considered to be read before host-files, so a name
appearing there inhibits PTR-record creation if it appears in
hosts-file also. Unlike hosts-files, names are not expanded, even when
.B expand-hosts
is in effect. Short and long names may appear in the same 
.B host-record,
eg. 
.B --host-record=laptop,laptop.thekelleys.org,192.168.0.1,1234::100
.TP
.B \-Y, --txt-record=<name>[[,<text>],<text>]
Return a TXT DNS record. The value of TXT record is a set of strings,
so  any number may be included, delimited by commas; use quotes to put
commas into a string. Note that the maximum length of a single string
is 255 characters, longer strings are split into 255 character chunks.
.TP
.B --ptr-record=<name>[,<target>]
Return a PTR DNS record.
.TP
.B --naptr-record=<name>,<order>,<preference>,<flags>,<service>,<regexp>[,<replacement>]
Return an NAPTR DNS record, as specified in RFC3403.
.TP
.B --cname=<cname>,<target>
Return a CNAME record which indicates that <cname> is really
<target>. There are significant limitations on the target; it must be a
DNS name which is known to dnsmasq from /etc/hosts (or additional
hosts files), from DHCP, from --interface-name or from another 
.B --cname.
If the target does not satisfy this
criteria, the whole cname is ignored. The cname must be unique, but it
is permissable to have more than one cname pointing to the same target.
.TP
.B --dns-rr=<name>,<RR-number>,[<hex data>]
Return an arbitrary DNS Resource Record. The number is the type of the
record (which is always in the C_IN class). The value of the record is
given by the hex data, which may be of the form 01:23:45 or 01 23 45 or
012345 or any mixture of these.
.TP
.B --interface-name=<name>,<interface>[/4|/6]
Return a DNS record associating the name with the primary address on
the given interface. This flag specifies an A or AAAA record for the given
name in the same way as an /etc/hosts line, except that the address is
not constant, but taken from the given interface. The interface may be
followed by "/4" or "/6" to specify that only IPv4 or IPv6 addresses
of the interface should be used. If the interface is
down, not configured or non-existent, an empty record is returned. The
matching PTR record is also created, mapping the interface address to
the name. More than one name may be associated with an interface
address by repeating the flag; in that case the first instance is used
for the reverse address-to-name mapping.
.TP
.B --synth-domain=<domain>,<address range>[,<prefix>]
Create artificial A/AAAA and PTR records for an address range. The
records use the address, with periods (or colons for IPv6) replaced
with dashes.

An example should make this clearer.
.B --synth-domain=thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.0.0/24,internal-
will result in a query for internal-192-168-0-56.thekelleys.org.uk returning
192.168.0.56 and a reverse query vice versa. The same applies to IPv6,
but IPv6 addresses may start with '::'
but DNS labels may not start with '-' so in this case if no prefix is
configured a zero is added in front of the label. ::1 becomes 0--1.

The address range can be of the form
<ip address>,<ip address> or <ip address>/<netmask>
.TP
.B --add-mac
Add the MAC address of the requestor to DNS queries which are
forwarded upstream. This may be used to DNS filtering by the upstream
server. The MAC address can only be added if the requestor is on the same
subnet as the dnsmasq server. Note that the mechanism used to achieve this (an EDNS0 option)
is not yet standardised, so this should be considered
experimental. Also note that exposing MAC addresses in this way may
have security and privacy implications. The warning about caching
given for --add-subnet applies to --add-mac too.
.TP 
.B --add-subnet[[=<IPv4 prefix length>],<IPv6 prefix length>]
Add the subnet address of the requestor to the DNS queries which are
forwarded upstream. The amount of the address forwarded depends on the
prefix length parameter: 32 (128 for IPv6) forwards the whole address,
zero forwards none of it but still marks the request so that no
upstream nameserver will add client address information either. The
default is zero for both IPv4 and IPv6. Note that upstream nameservers
may be configured to return different results based on this
information, but the dnsmasq cache does not take account. If a dnsmasq
instance is configured such that different results may be encountered,
caching should be disabled.
.TP
.B \-c, --cache-size=<cachesize>
Set the size of dnsmasq's cache. The default is 150 names. Setting the cache size to zero disables caching.
.TP
.B \-N, --no-negcache
Disable negative caching. Negative caching allows dnsmasq to remember
"no such domain" answers from upstream nameservers and answer
identical queries without forwarding them again. 
.TP
.B \-0, --dns-forward-max=<queries>
Set the maximum number of concurrent DNS queries. The default value is
150, which should be fine for most setups. The only known situation
where this needs to be increased is when using web-server log file
resolvers, which can generate large numbers of concurrent queries.
.TP
.B --dnssec
Validate DNS replies and cache DNSSEC data. When forwarding DNS queries, dnsmasq requests the 
DNSSEC records needed to validate the replies. The replies are validated and the result returned as 
the Authenticated Data bit in the DNS packet. In addition the DNSSEC records are stored in the cache, making 
validation by clients more efficient. Note that validation by clients is the most secure DNSSEC mode, but for
clients unable to do validation, use of the AD bit set by dnsmasq is useful, provided that the network between 
the dnsmasq server and the client is trusted. Dnsmasq must be compiled with HAVE_DNSSEC enabled, and DNSSEC
trust anchors provided, see 
.B --trust-anchor.
Because the DNSSEC validation process uses the cache, it is not
permitted to reduce the cache size below the default when DNSSEC is
enabled. The nameservers upstream of dnsmasq must be DNSSEC-capable,
ie capable of returning DNSSEC records with data. If they are not,
then dnsmasq will not be able to determine the trusted status of
answers. In the default mode, this menas that all replies will be
marked as untrusted. If 
.B --dnssec-check-unsigned
is set and the upstream servers don't support DNSSEC, then DNS service will be entirely broken.
.TP
.B --trust-anchor=[<class>],<domain>,<key-tag>,<algorithm>,<digest-type>,<digest>
Provide DS records to act a trust anchors for DNSSEC
validation. Typically these will be the DS record(s) for Zone Signing
key(s) of the root zone,
but trust anchors for limited domains are also possible. The current
root-zone trust anchors may be donwloaded from https://data.iana.org/root-anchors/root-anchors.xml 
.TP
.B --dnssec-check-unsigned
As a default, dnsmasq does not check that unsigned DNS replies are
legitimate: they are assumed to be valid and passed on (without the
"authentic data" bit set, of course). This does not protect against an
attacker forging unsigned replies for signed DNS zones, but it is
fast. If this flag is set, dnsmasq will check the zones of unsigned
replies, to ensure that unsigned replies are allowed in those
zones. The cost of this is more upstream queries and slower
performance. See also the warning about upstream servers in the
section on 
.B --dnssec
.TP
.B --dnssec-no-timecheck
DNSSEC signatures are only valid for specified time windows, and should be rejected outside those windows. This generates an
interesting chicken-and-egg problem for machines which don't have a hardware real time clock. For these machines to determine the correct 
time typically requires use of NTP and therefore DNS, but validating DNS requires that the correct time is already known. Setting this flag
removes the time-window checks (but not other DNSSEC validation.) only until the dnsmasq process receives SIGHUP. The intention is
that dnsmasq should be started with this flag when the platform determines that reliable time is not currently available. As soon as 
reliable time is established, a SIGHUP should be sent to dnsmasq, which enables time checking, and purges the cache of DNS records
which have not been throughly checked.
.TP
.B --proxy-dnssec
Copy the DNSSEC Authenticated Data bit from upstream servers to downstream clients and cache it.  This is an 
alternative to having dnsmasq validate DNSSEC, but it depends on the security of the network between 
dnsmasq and the upstream servers, and the trustworthiness of the upstream servers.
.TP
.B --dnssec-debug
Set debugging mode for the DNSSEC validation, set the Checking Disabled bit on upstream queries, 
and don't convert replies which do not validate to responses with
a return code of SERVFAIL. Note that
setting this may affect DNS behaviour in bad ways, it is not an
extra-logging flag and should not be set in production.
.TP
.B --auth-zone=<domain>[,<subnet>[/<prefix length>][,<subnet>[/<prefix length>].....]]
Define a DNS zone for which dnsmasq acts as authoritative server. Locally defined DNS records which are in the domain
will be served. If subnet(s) are given, A and AAAA records must be in one of the
specified subnets.

As alternative to directly specifying the subnets, it's possible to
give the name of an interface, in which case the subnets implied by
that interface's configured addresses and netmask/prefix-length are
used; this is useful when using constructed DHCP ranges as the actual
address is dynamic and not known when configuring dnsmasq. The
interface addresses may be confined to only IPv6 addresses using
<interface>/6 or to only IPv4 using <interface>/4. This is useful when
an interface has dynamically determined global IPv6 addresses which should
appear in the zone, but RFC1918 IPv4 addresses which should not.
Interface-name and address-literal subnet specifications may be used
freely in the same --auth-zone declaration.

The subnet(s) are also used to define in-addr.arpa and
ip6.arpa domains which are served for reverse-DNS queries. If not
specified, the prefix length defaults to 24 for IPv4 and 64 for IPv6.
For IPv4 subnets, the prefix length should be have the value 8, 16 or 24
unless you are familiar with RFC 2317 and have arranged the
in-addr.arpa delegation accordingly. Note that if no subnets are
specified, then no reverse queries are answered.
.TP
.B --auth-soa=<serial>[,<hostmaster>[,<refresh>[,<retry>[,<expiry>]]]]
Specify fields in the SOA record associated with authoritative
zones. Note that this is optional, all the values are set to sane defaults.
.TP
.B --auth-sec-servers=<domain>[,<domain>[,<domain>...]]
Specify any secondary servers for a zone for which dnsmasq is
authoritative. These servers must be configured to get zone data from
dnsmasq by zone transfer, and answer queries for the same
authoritative zones as dnsmasq.
.TP
.B --auth-peer=<ip-address>[,<ip-address>[,<ip-address>...]]
Specify the addresses of secondary servers which are allowed to
initiate zone transfer (AXFR) requests for zones for which dnsmasq is
authoritative. If this option is not given, then AXFR requests will be
accepted from any secondary. 
.TP 
.B --conntrack
Read the Linux connection track mark associated with incoming DNS
queries and set the same mark value on upstream traffic used to answer
those queries. This allows traffic generated by dnsmasq to be
associated with the queries which cause it, useful for bandwidth
accounting and firewalling. Dnsmasq must have conntrack support
compiled in and the kernel must have conntrack support
included and configured. This option cannot be combined with
--query-port. 
.TP
.B \-F, --dhcp-range=[tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>],][set:<tag>,]<start-addr>[,<end-addr>][,<mode>][,<netmask>[,<broadcast>]][,<lease time>]
.TP
.B \-F, --dhcp-range=[tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>],][set:<tag>,]<start-IPv6addr>[,<end-IPv6addr>|constructor:<interface>][,<mode>][,<prefix-len>][,<lease time>]

Enable the DHCP server. Addresses will be given out from the range
<start-addr> to <end-addr> and from statically defined addresses given
in 
.B dhcp-host
options. If the lease time is given, then leases
will be given for that length of time. The lease time is in seconds,
or minutes (eg 45m) or hours (eg 1h) or "infinite". If not given,
the default lease time is one hour. The
minimum lease time is two minutes. For IPv6 ranges, the lease time
maybe "deprecated"; this sets the preferred lifetime sent in a DHCP
lease or router advertisement to zero, which causes clients to use
other addresses, if available, for new connections as a prelude to renumbering.

This option may be repeated, with different addresses, to enable DHCP
service to more than one network. For directly connected networks (ie,
networks on which the machine running dnsmasq has an interface) the
netmask is optional: dnsmasq will determine it from the interface
configuration. For networks which receive DHCP service via a relay
agent, dnsmasq cannot determine the netmask itself, so it should be
specified, otherwise dnsmasq will have to guess, based on the class (A, B or
C) of the network address. The broadcast address is
always optional. It is always
allowed to have more than one dhcp-range in a single subnet. 

For IPv6, the parameters are slightly different: instead of netmask
and broadcast address, there is an optional prefix length which must
be equal to or larger then the prefix length on the local interface. If not
given, this defaults to 64. Unlike the IPv4 case, the prefix length is not
automatically derived from the interface configuration. The mimimum
size of the prefix length is 64.

IPv6 (only) supports another type of range. In this, the start address and optional end address contain only the network part (ie ::1) and they are followed by
.B constructor:<interface>.
This forms a template which describes how to create ranges, based on the addresses assigned to the interface. For instance

.B --dhcp-range=::1,::400,constructor:eth0

will look for addresses on
eth0 and then create a range from <network>::1 to <network>::400. If
the interface is assigned more than one network, then the
corresponding ranges will be automatically created, and then
deprecated and finally removed again as the address is deprecated and
then deleted. The interface name may have a final "*" wildcard. Note
that just any address on eth0 will not do: it must not be an
autoconfigured or privacy address, or be deprecated.

If a dhcp-range is only being used for stateless DHCP and/or SLAAC,
then the address can be simply ::

.B --dhcp-range=::,constructor:eth0


The optional 
.B set:<tag> 
sets an alphanumeric label which marks this network so that
dhcp options may be specified on a per-network basis. 
When it is prefixed with 'tag:' instead, then its meaning changes from setting
a tag to matching it. Only one tag may be set, but more than one tag
may be matched.

The optional <mode> keyword may be 
.B static
which tells dnsmasq to enable DHCP for the network specified, but not
to dynamically allocate IP addresses: only hosts which have static
addresses given via 
.B dhcp-host
or from /etc/ethers will be served. A static-only subnet with address
all zeros may be used as a "catch-all" address to enable replies to all
Information-request packets on a subnet which is provided with
stateless DHCPv6, ie
.B --dhcp-range=::,static

For IPv4, the <mode> may be 
.B proxy
in which case dnsmasq will provide proxy-DHCP on the specified
subnet. (See 
.B pxe-prompt
and 
.B pxe-service
for details.)

For IPv6, the mode may be some combination of
.B ra-only, slaac, ra-names, ra-stateless, ra-advrouter.

.B ra-only
tells dnsmasq to offer Router Advertisement only on this subnet,
and not DHCP. 

.B slaac
tells dnsmasq to offer Router Advertisement on this subnet and to set
the A bit in the router advertisement, so that the client will use
SLAAC addresses. When used with a DHCP range or static DHCP address
this results in the client having both a DHCP-assigned and a SLAAC
address.

.B ra-stateless
sends router advertisements with the O and A bits set, and provides a
stateless DHCP service. The client will use a SLAAC address, and use
DHCP for other configuration information.

.B ra-names
enables a mode
which gives DNS names to dual-stack hosts which do SLAAC for
IPv6. Dnsmasq uses the host's IPv4 lease to derive the name, network
segment and MAC address and assumes that the host will also have an
IPv6 address calculated using the SLAAC algorithm, on the same network
segment. The address is pinged, and if a reply is received, an AAAA
record is added to the DNS for this IPv6
address. Note that this is only happens for directly-connected
networks, (not one doing DHCP via a relay) and it will not work 
if a host is using privacy extensions. 
.B ra-names
can be combined  with 
.B ra-stateless
and
.B slaac.

.B ra-advrouter
enables a mode where router address(es) rather than prefix(es) are included in the advertisements.
This is described in RFC-3775 section 7.2 and is used in mobile IPv6. In this mode the interval option
is also included, as described in RFC-3775 section 7.3.

.TP
.B \-G, --dhcp-host=[<hwaddr>][,id:<client_id>|*][,set:<tag>][,<ipaddr>][,<hostname>][,<lease_time>][,ignore]
Specify per host parameters for the DHCP server. This allows a machine
with a particular hardware address to be always allocated the same
hostname, IP address and lease time. A hostname specified like this
overrides any supplied by the DHCP client on the machine. It is also
allowable to omit the hardware address and include the hostname, in
which case the IP address and lease times will apply to any machine
claiming that name. For example 
.B --dhcp-host=00:20:e0:3b:13:af,wap,infinite 
tells dnsmasq to give
the machine with hardware address 00:20:e0:3b:13:af the name wap, and
an infinite DHCP lease. 
.B --dhcp-host=lap,192.168.0.199 
tells
dnsmasq to always allocate the machine lap the IP address
192.168.0.199. 

Addresses allocated like this are not constrained to be
in the range given by the --dhcp-range option, but they must be in
the same subnet as some valid dhcp-range.  For
subnets which don't need a pool of dynamically allocated addresses,
use the "static" keyword in the dhcp-range declaration.

It is allowed to use client identifiers (called client
DUID in IPv6-land rather than
hardware addresses to identify hosts by prefixing with 'id:'. Thus: 
.B --dhcp-host=id:01:02:03:04,..... 
refers to the host with client identifier 01:02:03:04. It is also
allowed to specify the client ID as text, like this:
.B --dhcp-host=id:clientidastext,..... 

A single
.B dhcp-host 
may contain an IPv4 address or an IPv6 address, or both. IPv6 addresses must be bracketed by square brackets thus:
.B --dhcp-host=laptop,[1234::56]
IPv6 addresses may contain only the host-identifier part:
.B --dhcp-host=laptop,[::56]
in which case they act as wildcards in constructed dhcp ranges, with
the appropriate network part inserted. 
Note that in IPv6 DHCP, the hardware address may not be
available, though it normally is for direct-connected clients, or
clients using DHCP relays which support RFC 6939.


For DHCPv4, the  special option id:* means "ignore any client-id 
and use MAC addresses only." This is useful when a client presents a client-id sometimes 
but not others.

If a name appears in /etc/hosts, the associated address can be
allocated to a DHCP lease, but only if a 
.B --dhcp-host
option specifying the name also exists. Only one hostname can be
given in a 
.B dhcp-host
option, but aliases are possible by using CNAMEs. (See 
.B --cname
).

The special keyword "ignore"
tells dnsmasq to never offer a DHCP lease to a machine. The machine
can be specified by hardware address, client ID or hostname, for
instance
.B --dhcp-host=00:20:e0:3b:13:af,ignore
This is
useful when there is another DHCP server on the network which should
be used by some machines.

The set:<tag> construct sets the tag
whenever this dhcp-host directive is in use. This can be used to 
selectively send DHCP options just for this host. More than one tag
can be set in a dhcp-host directive (but not in other places where
"set:<tag>" is allowed). When a host matches any
dhcp-host directive (or one implied by /etc/ethers) then the special
tag "known" is set. This allows dnsmasq to be configured to
ignore requests from unknown machines using
.B --dhcp-ignore=tag:!known
Ethernet addresses (but not client-ids) may have
wildcard bytes, so for example 
.B --dhcp-host=00:20:e0:3b:13:*,ignore 
will cause dnsmasq to ignore a range of hardware addresses. Note that
the "*" will need to be escaped or quoted on a command line, but not
in the configuration file.

Hardware addresses normally match any
network (ARP) type, but it is possible to restrict them to a single
ARP type by preceding them with the ARP-type (in HEX) and "-". so 
.B --dhcp-host=06-00:20:e0:3b:13:af,1.2.3.4 
will only match a
Token-Ring hardware address, since the ARP-address type for token ring
is 6. 

As a special case, in DHCPv4, it is possible to include more than one
hardware address. eg:
.B --dhcp-host=11:22:33:44:55:66,12:34:56:78:90:12,192.168.0.2
This allows an IP address to be associated with
multiple hardware addresses, and gives dnsmasq permission to abandon a
DHCP lease to one of the hardware addresses when another one asks for
a lease. Beware that this is a dangerous thing to do, it will only
work reliably if only one of the hardware addresses is active at any
time and there is no way for dnsmasq to enforce this. It is, for instance,
useful to allocate a stable IP address to a laptop which
has both wired and wireless interfaces.
.TP
.B --dhcp-hostsfile=<path>
Read DHCP host information from the specified file. If a directory
is given, then read all the files contained in that directory. The file contains 
information about one host per line. The format of a line is the same
as text to the right of '=' in --dhcp-host. The advantage of storing DHCP host information
in this file is that it can be changed without re-starting dnsmasq:
the file will be re-read when dnsmasq receives SIGHUP.
.TP
.B --dhcp-optsfile=<path>
Read DHCP option information from the specified file.  If a directory
is given, then read all the files contained in that directory. The advantage of 
using this option is the same as for --dhcp-hostsfile: the
dhcp-optsfile will be re-read when dnsmasq receives SIGHUP. Note that
it is possible to encode the information in a
.TP
.B --dhcp-hostsdir=<path>
This is exactly equivalent to dhcp-hostfile, except for the following. The path MUST be a
directory, and not an individual file. Changed or new files within
the directory are read automatically, without the need to send SIGHUP.
If a file is deleted for changed after it has been read by dnsmasq, then the
host record it contained will remain until dnsmasq recieves a SIGHUP, or 
is restarted; ie host records are only added dynamically.
.TP
.B --dhcp-boot
flag as DHCP options, using the options names bootfile-name,
server-ip-address and tftp-server. This allows these to be included
in a dhcp-optsfile.
.TP 
.B \-Z, --read-ethers
Read /etc/ethers for information about hosts for the DHCP server. The
format of /etc/ethers is a hardware address, followed by either a
hostname or dotted-quad IP address. When read by dnsmasq these lines
have exactly the same effect as
.B --dhcp-host
options containing the same information. /etc/ethers is re-read when 
dnsmasq receives SIGHUP. IPv6 addresses are NOT read from /etc/ethers.
.TP
.B \-O, --dhcp-option=[tag:<tag>,[tag:<tag>,]][encap:<opt>,][vi-encap:<enterprise>,][vendor:[<vendor-class>],][<opt>|option:<opt-name>|option6:<opt>|option6:<opt-name>],[<value>[,<value>]]
Specify different or extra options to DHCP clients. By default,
dnsmasq sends some standard options to DHCP clients, the netmask and
broadcast address are set to the same as the host running dnsmasq, and
the DNS server and default route are set to the address of the machine
running dnsmasq. (Equivalent rules apply for IPv6.) If the domain name option has been set, that is sent.
This configuration allows these defaults to be overridden,
or other options specified. The option, to be sent may be given as a
decimal number or as "option:<option-name>" The option numbers are
specified in RFC2132 and subsequent RFCs. The set of option-names
known by dnsmasq can be discovered by running "dnsmasq --help dhcp".
For example, to set the default route option to 
192.168.4.4, do 
.B --dhcp-option=3,192.168.4.4 
or
.B --dhcp-option = option:router, 192.168.4.4
and to set the time-server address to 192.168.0.4, do
.B --dhcp-option = 42,192.168.0.4 
or 
.B --dhcp-option = option:ntp-server, 192.168.0.4
The special address 0.0.0.0 is taken to mean "the address of the
machine running dnsmasq". 

Data types allowed are comma separated
dotted-quad IPv4 addresses, []-wrapped IPv6 addresses, a decimal number, colon-separated hex digits
and a text string. If the optional tags are given then
this option is only sent when all the tags are matched.

Special processing is done on a text argument for option 119, to
conform with RFC 3397. Text or dotted-quad IP addresses as arguments
to option 120 are handled as per RFC 3361. Dotted-quad IP addresses 
which are followed by a slash and then a netmask size are encoded as
described in RFC 3442.

IPv6 options are specified using the 
.B option6:
keyword, followed by the option number or option name. The IPv6 option
name space is disjoint from the IPv4 option name space. IPv6 addresses
in options must be bracketed with square brackets, eg. 
.B --dhcp-option=option6:ntp-server,[1234::56]
For IPv6, [::] means "the global address of
the machine running dnsmasq", whilst [fd00::] is replaced with the
ULA, if it exists, and [fe80::] with the link-local address.

Be careful: no checking is done that the correct type of data for the
option number is sent, it is quite possible to
persuade dnsmasq to generate illegal DHCP packets with injudicious use
of this flag. When the value is a decimal number, dnsmasq must determine how 
large the data item is. It does this by examining the option number and/or the
value, but can be overridden by appending a single letter flag as follows:
b = one byte, s = two bytes, i = four bytes. This is mainly useful with 
encapsulated vendor class options (see below) where dnsmasq cannot
determine data size from the  option number. Option data which
consists solely of periods and digits will be interpreted by dnsmasq
as an IP address, and inserted into an option as such. To force a
literal string, use quotes. For instance when using option 66 to send
a literal IP address as TFTP server name, it is necessary to do
.B --dhcp-option=66,"1.2.3.4"

Encapsulated Vendor-class options may also be specified (IPv4 only) using
--dhcp-option: for instance 
.B --dhcp-option=vendor:PXEClient,1,0.0.0.0 
sends the encapsulated vendor
class-specific option "mftp-address=0.0.0.0" to any client whose
vendor-class matches "PXEClient". The vendor-class matching is
substring based (see --dhcp-vendorclass for details). If a
vendor-class option (number 60) is sent by dnsmasq, then that is used 
for selecting encapsulated options in preference to any sent by the
client. It is
possible to omit the vendorclass completely;
.B --dhcp-option=vendor:,1,0.0.0.0
in which case the encapsulated option is always sent. 

Options may be encapsulated (IPv4 only) within other options: for instance
.B --dhcp-option=encap:175, 190, "iscsi-client0"
will send option 175, within which is the option 190. If multiple
options are given which are encapsulated with the same option number
then they will be correctly combined into one encapsulated option.
encap: and vendor: are may not both be set in the same dhcp-option.

The final variant on encapsulated options is "Vendor-Identifying
Vendor Options" as specified by RFC3925. These are denoted like this: 
.B --dhcp-option=vi-encap:2, 10, "text"
The number in the vi-encap: section is the IANA enterprise number
used to identify this option. This form of encapsulation is supported
in IPv6.
 
The address 0.0.0.0 is not treated specially in
encapsulated options.
.TP
.B --dhcp-option-force=[tag:<tag>,[tag:<tag>,]][encap:<opt>,][vi-encap:<enterprise>,][vendor:[<vendor-class>],]<opt>,[<value>[,<value>]]
This works in exactly the same way as
.B --dhcp-option
except that the option will always be sent, even if the client does
not ask for it in the parameter request list. This is sometimes
needed, for example when sending options to PXELinux.
.TP
.B --dhcp-no-override
(IPv4 only) Disable re-use of the DHCP servername and filename fields as extra
option space. If it can, dnsmasq moves the boot server and filename
information (from dhcp-boot) out of their dedicated fields into
DHCP options. This make extra space available in the DHCP packet for
options but can, rarely, confuse old or broken clients. This flag
forces "simple and safe" behaviour to avoid problems in such a case.
.TP
.B --dhcp-relay=<local address>,<server address>[,<interface]
Configure dnsmasq to do DHCP relay. The local address is an address
allocated to an interface on the host running dnsmasq. All DHCP
requests arriving on that interface will we relayed to a remote DHCP
server at the server address. It is possible to relay from a single local
address to multiple remote servers by using multiple dhcp-relay
configs with the same local address and different server
addresses. A server address must be an IP literal address, not a
domain name. In the case of DHCPv6, the server address may be the
ALL_SERVERS multicast address, ff05::1:3. In this case the interface
must be given, not be wildcard, and is used to direct the multicast to the
correct interface to reach the DHCP server. 

Access control for DHCP clients has the same rules as for the DHCP
server, see --interface, --except-interface, etc. The optional
interface name in the dhcp-relay config has a different function: it
controls on which interface DHCP replies from the server will be
accepted. This is intended for configurations which have three
interfaces: one being relayed from, a second connecting the DHCP
server, and a third untrusted network, typically the wider
internet. It avoids the possibility of spoof replies arriving via this
third interface.

It is allowed to have dnsmasq act as a DHCP server on one set of
interfaces and relay from a disjoint set of interfaces. Note that
whilst it is quite possible to write configurations which appear to
act as a server and a relay on the same interface, this is not
supported: the relay function will take precedence.

Both DHCPv4 and DHCPv6 relay is supported. It's not possible to relay
DHCPv4 to a DHCPv6 server or vice-versa.
.TP
.B \-U, --dhcp-vendorclass=set:<tag>,[enterprise:<IANA-enterprise number>,]<vendor-class>
Map from a vendor-class string to a tag. Most DHCP clients provide a 
"vendor class" which represents, in some sense, the type of host. This option 
maps vendor classes to tags, so that DHCP options may be selectively delivered
to different classes of hosts. For example 
.B dhcp-vendorclass=set:printers,Hewlett-Packard JetDirect
will allow options to be set only for HP printers like so:
.B --dhcp-option=tag:printers,3,192.168.4.4 
The vendor-class string is
substring matched against the vendor-class supplied by the client, to
allow fuzzy matching. The set: prefix is optional but allowed for
consistency. 

Note that in IPv6 only, vendorclasses are namespaced with an 
IANA-allocated enterprise number. This is given with enterprise:
keyword and specifies that only vendorclasses matching the specified
number should be searched.
.TP
.B \-j, --dhcp-userclass=set:<tag>,<user-class>
Map from a user-class string to a tag (with substring
matching, like vendor classes). Most DHCP clients provide a 
"user class" which is configurable. This option
maps user classes to tags, so that DHCP options may be selectively delivered
to different classes of hosts. It is possible, for instance to use
this to set a different printer server for hosts in the class
"accounts" than for hosts in the class "engineering".
.TP
.B \-4, --dhcp-mac=set:<tag>,<MAC address>
Map from a MAC address to a tag. The MAC address may include
wildcards. For example
.B --dhcp-mac=set:3com,01:34:23:*:*:*
will set the tag "3com" for any host whose MAC address matches the pattern.
.TP
.B --dhcp-circuitid=set:<tag>,<circuit-id>, --dhcp-remoteid=set:<tag>,<remote-id>
Map from RFC3046 relay agent options to tags. This data may
be provided by DHCP relay agents. The circuit-id or remote-id is
normally given as colon-separated hex, but is also allowed to be a
simple string. If an exact match is achieved between the circuit or
agent ID and one provided by a relay agent, the tag is set. 

.B dhcp-remoteid
(but not dhcp-circuitid) is supported in IPv6. 
.TP
.B --dhcp-subscrid=set:<tag>,<subscriber-id>
(IPv4 and IPv6) Map from RFC3993 subscriber-id relay agent options to tags.
.TP
.B --dhcp-proxy[=<ip addr>]......
(IPv4 only) A normal DHCP relay agent is only used to forward the initial parts of
a DHCP interaction to the DHCP server. Once a client is configured, it
communicates directly with the server. This is undesirable if the
relay agent is adding extra information to the DHCP packets, such as
that used by
.B dhcp-circuitid
and
.B dhcp-remoteid.
A full relay implementation can use the RFC 5107 serverid-override
option to force the DHCP server to use the relay as a full proxy, with all
packets passing through it. This flag provides an alternative method
of doing the same thing, for relays which don't support RFC
5107. Given alone, it manipulates the server-id for all interactions
via relays. If a list of IP addresses is given, only interactions via
relays at those addresses are affected.
.TP
.B --dhcp-match=set:<tag>,<option number>|option:<option name>|vi-encap:<enterprise>[,<value>]
Without a value, set the tag if the client sends a DHCP
option of the given number or name. When a value is given, set the tag only if
the option is sent and matches the value. The value may be of the form
"01:ff:*:02" in which case the value must match (apart from wildcards)
but the option sent may have unmatched data past the end of the
value. The value may also be of the same form as in 
.B dhcp-option
in which case the option sent is treated as an array, and one element
must match, so

--dhcp-match=set:efi-ia32,option:client-arch,6

will set the tag "efi-ia32" if the the number 6 appears in the list of
architectures sent by the client in option 93. (See RFC 4578 for
details.)  If the value is a string, substring matching is used.

The special form with vi-encap:<enterprise number> matches against
vendor-identifying vendor classes for the specified enterprise. Please
see RFC 3925 for more details of these rare and interesting beasts.
.TP
.B --tag-if=set:<tag>[,set:<tag>[,tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]]]
Perform boolean operations on tags. Any tag appearing as set:<tag> is set if
all the tags which appear as tag:<tag> are set, (or unset when tag:!<tag> is used)
If no tag:<tag> appears set:<tag> tags are set unconditionally.
Any number of set: and tag: forms may appear, in any order. 
Tag-if lines ares executed in order, so if the tag in tag:<tag> is a
tag set by another
.B tag-if,
the line which sets the tag must precede the one which tests it.
.TP
.B \-J, --dhcp-ignore=tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]
When all the given tags appear in the tag set ignore the host and do
not allocate it a DHCP lease.
.TP
.B --dhcp-ignore-names[=tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]]
When all the given tags appear in the tag set, ignore any hostname
provided by the host. Note that, unlike dhcp-ignore, it is permissible
to supply no tags, in which case DHCP-client supplied hostnames
are always ignored, and DHCP hosts are added to the DNS using only
dhcp-host configuration in dnsmasq and the contents of /etc/hosts and
/etc/ethers.
.TP
.B --dhcp-generate-names=tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]
(IPv4 only) Generate a name for DHCP clients which do not otherwise have one,
using the MAC address expressed in hex, separated by dashes. Note that
if a host provides a name, it will be used by preference to this,
unless 
.B --dhcp-ignore-names 
is set.
.TP
.B --dhcp-broadcast[=tag:<tag>[,tag:<tag>]]
(IPv4 only) When all the given tags appear in the tag set, always use broadcast to
communicate with the host when it is unconfigured. It is permissible
to supply no tags, in which case this is unconditional. Most DHCP clients which
need broadcast replies set a flag in their requests so that this
happens automatically, some old BOOTP clients do not.
.TP
.B \-M, --dhcp-boot=[tag:<tag>,]<filename>,[<servername>[,<server address>|<tftp_servername>]]
(IPv4 only) Set BOOTP options to be returned by the DHCP server. Server name and
address are optional: if not provided, the name is left empty, and the
address set to the address of the machine running dnsmasq. If dnsmasq
is providing a TFTP service (see 
.B --enable-tftp
) then only the filename is required here to enable network booting.
If the optional tag(s) are given,
they must match for this configuration to be sent. 
Instead of an IP address, the TFTP server address can be given as a domain
name which is looked up in /etc/hosts. This name can be associated in
/etc/hosts with multiple IP addresses, which are used round-robin.
This facility can be used to load balance the tftp load among a set of servers.
.TP
.B --dhcp-sequential-ip
Dnsmasq is designed to choose IP addresses for DHCP clients using a
hash of the client's MAC address. This normally allows a client's
address to remain stable long-term, even if the client  sometimes allows its DHCP
lease to expire. In this default mode IP addresses are distributed
pseudo-randomly over the entire available address range. There are
sometimes circumstances (typically server deployment) where it is more
convenient to have IP
addresses allocated sequentially, starting from the lowest available
address, and setting this flag enables this mode. Note that in the
sequential mode, clients which allow a lease to expire are much more
likely to move IP address; for this reason it should not be generally used.
.TP
.B --pxe-service=[tag:<tag>,]<CSA>,<menu text>[,<basename>|<bootservicetype>][,<server address>|<server_name>]
Most uses of PXE boot-ROMS simply allow the PXE
system to obtain an IP address and then download the file specified by
.B dhcp-boot
and execute it. However the PXE system is capable of more complex
functions when supported by a suitable DHCP server.

This specifies a boot option which may appear in a PXE boot menu. <CSA> is
client system type, only services of the correct type will appear in a
menu. The known types are x86PC, PC98, IA64_EFI, Alpha, Arc_x86,
Intel_Lean_Client, IA32_EFI, BC_EFI, Xscale_EFI and X86-64_EFI; an
integer may be used for other types. The
parameter after the menu text may be a file name, in which case dnsmasq acts as a
boot server and directs the PXE client to download the file by TFTP,
either from itself (
.B enable-tftp 
must be set for this to work) or another TFTP server if the final server
address/name is given.
Note that the "layer"
suffix (normally ".0") is supplied by PXE, and should not be added to
the basename. If an integer boot service type, rather than a basename
is given, then the PXE client will search for a
suitable boot service for that type on the network. This search may be done
by broadcast, or direct to a server if its IP address/name is provided.  
If no boot service type or filename is provided (or a boot service type of 0 is specified)
then the menu entry will abort the net boot procedure and
continue booting from local media. The server address can be given as a domain
name which is looked up in /etc/hosts. This name can be associated in
/etc/hosts with multiple IP addresses, which are used round-robin.
.TP
.B --pxe-prompt=[tag:<tag>,]<prompt>[,<timeout>]
Setting this provides a prompt to be displayed after PXE boot. If the
timeout is given then after the
timeout has elapsed with no keyboard input, the first available menu
option will be automatically executed. If the timeout is zero then the first available menu
item will be executed immediately. If 
.B pxe-prompt
is omitted the system will wait for user input if there are multiple
items in the menu, but boot immediately if
there is only one. See
.B pxe-service 
for details of menu items.

Dnsmasq supports PXE "proxy-DHCP", in this case another DHCP server on
the network is responsible for allocating IP addresses, and dnsmasq
simply provides the information given in 
.B pxe-prompt
and
.B pxe-service
to allow netbooting. This mode is enabled using the
.B proxy
keyword in
.B dhcp-range.
.TP  
.B \-X, --dhcp-lease-max=<number>
Limits dnsmasq to the specified maximum number of DHCP leases. The
default is 1000. This limit is to prevent DoS attacks from hosts which
create thousands of leases and use lots of memory in the dnsmasq
process.
.TP
.B \-K, --dhcp-authoritative
Should be set when dnsmasq is definitely the only DHCP server on a network.
For DHCPv4, it changes the behaviour from strict RFC compliance so that DHCP requests on
unknown leases from unknown hosts are not ignored. This allows new hosts
to get a lease without a tedious timeout under all circumstances. It also 
allows dnsmasq to rebuild its lease database without each client needing to 
reacquire a lease, if the database is lost. For DHCPv6 it sets the
priority in replies to 255 (the maximum) instead of 0 (the minimum).
.TP
.B --dhcp-alternate-port[=<server port>[,<client port>]]
(IPv4 only) Change the ports used for DHCP from the default. If this option is
given alone, without arguments, it changes the ports used for DHCP
from 67 and 68 to 1067 and 1068. If a single argument is given, that
port number is used for the server and the port number plus one used
for the client. Finally, two port numbers allows arbitrary
specification of both server and client ports for DHCP.
.TP
.B \-3, --bootp-dynamic[=<network-id>[,<network-id>]]
(IPv4 only) Enable dynamic allocation of IP addresses to BOOTP clients. Use this
with care, since each address allocated to a BOOTP client is leased
forever, and therefore becomes permanently unavailable for re-use by
other hosts. if this is given without tags, then it unconditionally
enables dynamic allocation. With tags, only when the tags are all
set. It may be repeated with different tag sets. 
.TP
.B \-5, --no-ping
(IPv4 only) By default, the DHCP server will attempt to ensure that an address in
not in use before allocating it to a host. It does this by sending an
ICMP echo request (aka "ping") to the address in question. If it gets
a reply, then the address must already be in use, and another is
tried. This flag disables this check. Use with caution.
.TP
.B --log-dhcp
Extra logging for DHCP: log all the options sent to DHCP clients and
the tags used to determine them.
.TP
.B --quiet-dhcp, --quiet-dhcp6, --quiet-ra
Suppress logging of the routine operation of these protocols. Errors and
problems will still be logged. --quiet-dhcp and quiet-dhcp6 are
over-ridden by --log-dhcp.
.TP
.B \-l, --dhcp-leasefile=<path>
Use the specified file to store DHCP lease information.
.TP 
.B --dhcp-duid=<enterprise-id>,<uid>
(IPv6 only) Specify the server persistent UID which the DHCPv6 server
will use. This option is not normally required as dnsmasq creates a
DUID automatically when it is first needed. When given, this option
provides dnsmasq the data required to create a DUID-EN type DUID. Note
that once set, the DUID is stored in the lease database, so to change between DUID-EN and
automatically created DUIDs or vice-versa, the lease database must be
re-intialised. The enterprise-id is assigned by IANA, and the uid is a
string of hex octets unique to a particular device.
.TP
.B \-6 --dhcp-script=<path>
Whenever a new DHCP lease is created, or an old one destroyed, or a
TFTP file transfer completes, the
executable specified by this option is run.  <path>
must be an absolute pathname, no PATH search occurs. 
The arguments to the process
are "add", "old" or "del", the MAC
address of the host (or DUID for IPv6) , the IP address, and the hostname,
if known. "add" means a lease has been created, "del" means it has
been destroyed, "old" is a notification of an existing lease when
dnsmasq starts or a change to MAC address or hostname of an existing
lease (also, lease length or expiry and client-id, if leasefile-ro is set).
If the MAC address is from a network type other than ethernet,
it will have the network type prepended, eg "06-01:23:45:67:89:ab" for
token ring. The process is run as root (assuming that dnsmasq was originally run as
root) even if dnsmasq is configured to change UID to an unprivileged user.

The environment is inherited from the invoker of dnsmasq, with some or
all of the following variables added

For both IPv4 and IPv6:

DNSMASQ_DOMAIN if the fully-qualified domain name of the host is
known, this is set to the  domain part. (Note that the hostname passed
to the script as an argument is never fully-qualified.)

If the client provides a hostname, DNSMASQ_SUPPLIED_HOSTNAME

If the client provides user-classes, DNSMASQ_USER_CLASS0..DNSMASQ_USER_CLASSn 

If dnsmasq was compiled with HAVE_BROKEN_RTC, then
the length of the lease (in seconds) is stored in
DNSMASQ_LEASE_LENGTH, otherwise the time of lease expiry is stored in
DNSMASQ_LEASE_EXPIRES. The number of seconds until lease expiry is
always stored in DNSMASQ_TIME_REMAINING. 

If a lease used to have a hostname, which is
removed, an "old" event is generated with the new state of the lease, 
ie no name, and the former name is provided in the environment 
variable DNSMASQ_OLD_HOSTNAME. 

DNSMASQ_INTERFACE stores the name of
the interface on which the request arrived; this is not set for "old"
actions when dnsmasq restarts. 

DNSMASQ_RELAY_ADDRESS is set if the client
used a DHCP relay to contact dnsmasq and the IP address of the relay
is known. 

DNSMASQ_TAGS contains all the tags set during the
DHCP transaction, separated by spaces.

DNSMASQ_LOG_DHCP is set if
.B --log-dhcp
is in effect.

For IPv4 only:

DNSMASQ_CLIENT_ID if the host provided a client-id.

DNSMASQ_CIRCUIT_ID, DNSMASQ_SUBSCRIBER_ID, DNSMASQ_REMOTE_ID if a
DHCP relay-agent added any of these options.
 
If the client provides vendor-class, DNSMASQ_VENDOR_CLASS.

For IPv6 only:

If the client provides vendor-class, DNSMASQ_VENDOR_CLASS_ID,
containing the IANA enterprise id for the class, and
DNSMASQ_VENDOR_CLASS0..DNSMASQ_VENDOR_CLASSn for the data.

DNSMASQ_SERVER_DUID containing the DUID of the server: this is the same for
every call to the script.

DNSMASQ_IAID containing the IAID for the lease. If the lease is a
temporary allocation, this is prefixed to 'T'.

DNSMASQ_MAC containing the MAC address of the client, if known.

Note that the supplied hostname, vendorclass and userclass data is
only  supplied for
"add" actions or "old" actions when a host resumes an existing lease,
since these data are not held in dnsmasq's lease
database.


All file descriptors are
closed except stdin, stdout and stderr which are open to /dev/null
(except in debug mode).

The script is not invoked concurrently: at most one instance
of the script is ever running (dnsmasq waits for an instance of script to exit
before running the next). Changes to the lease database are which
require the script to be invoked are queued awaiting exit of a running instance.
If this queueing allows multiple state changes occur to a single
lease before the script can be run then 
earlier states are discarded and the current state of that lease is
reflected when the script finally runs. 

At dnsmasq startup, the script will be invoked for
all existing leases as they are read from the lease file. Expired
leases will be called with "del" and others with "old". When dnsmasq
receives a HUP signal, the script will be invoked for existing leases
with an "old " event.


There are two further actions which may appear as the first argument
to the script, "init" and "tftp". More may be added in the future, so
scripts should be written to ignore unknown actions. "init" is
described below in 
.B --leasefile-ro
The "tftp" action is invoked when a TFTP file transfer completes: the
arguments are the file size in bytes, the address to which the file
was sent, and the complete pathname of the file.
 
.TP
.B --dhcp-luascript=<path>
Specify a script written in Lua, to be run when leases are created,
destroyed or changed. To use this option, dnsmasq must be compiled
with the correct support. The Lua interpreter is intialised once, when
dnsmasq starts, so that global variables persist between lease
events. The Lua code must define a
.B lease
function, and may provide
.B init
and
.B shutdown
functions, which are called, without arguments when dnsmasq starts up
and terminates. It may also provide a 
.B tftp
function.

The 
.B lease
function receives the information detailed in 
.B --dhcp-script. 
It gets two arguments, firstly the action, which is a string
containing, "add", "old" or "del", and secondly a table of tag value
pairs. The tags mostly correspond to the environment variables
detailed above, for instance the tag "domain" holds the same data as
the environment variable DNSMASQ_DOMAIN. There are a few extra tags
which hold the data supplied as arguments to
.B --dhcp-script. 
These are 
.B mac_address, ip_address
and 
.B hostname
for IPv4, and 
.B client_duid, ip_address
and 
.B hostname
for IPv6.

The  
.B tftp
function is called in the same way as the lease function, and the
table holds the tags 
.B destination_address,
.B file_name
and 
.B file_size.
.TP
.B --dhcp-scriptuser
Specify the user as which to run the lease-change script or Lua script. This defaults to root, but can be changed to another user using this flag. 
.TP 
.B \-9, --leasefile-ro
Completely suppress use of the lease database file. The file will not
be created, read, or written. Change the way the lease-change
script (if one is provided) is called, so that the lease database may
be maintained in external storage by the script. In addition to the
invocations  given in 
.B  --dhcp-script
the lease-change script is called once, at dnsmasq startup, with the
single argument "init". When called like this the script should write
the saved state of the lease database, in dnsmasq leasefile format, to
stdout and exit with zero exit code. Setting this
option also forces the leasechange script to be called on changes
to the client-id and lease length and expiry time.
.TP
.B --bridge-interface=<interface>,<alias>[,<alias>]
Treat DHCP request packets arriving at any of the <alias> interfaces
as if they had arrived at <interface>. This option is necessary when
using "old style" bridging on BSD platforms, since
packets arrive at tap interfaces which don't have an IP address.
A trailing '*' wildcard can be used in each <alias>.
.TP
.B \-s, --domain=<domain>[,<address range>[,local]]
Specifies DNS domains for the DHCP server. Domains may be be given 
unconditionally (without the IP range) or for limited IP ranges. This has two effects;
firstly it causes the DHCP server to return the domain to any hosts
which request it, and secondly it sets the domain which it is legal
for DHCP-configured hosts to claim. The intention is to constrain
hostnames so that an untrusted host on the LAN cannot advertise 
its name via dhcp as e.g. "microsoft.com" and capture traffic not 
meant for it. If no domain suffix is specified, then any DHCP
hostname with a domain part (ie with a period) will be disallowed 
and logged. If suffix is specified, then hostnames with a domain 
part are allowed, provided the domain part matches the suffix. In
addition, when a suffix is set then hostnames without a domain
part have the suffix added as an optional domain part. Eg on my network I can set 
.B --domain=thekelleys.org.uk
and have a machine whose DHCP hostname is "laptop". The IP address for that machine is available from 
.B dnsmasq
both as "laptop" and "laptop.thekelleys.org.uk". If the domain is
given as "#" then the domain is read from the first "search" directive
in /etc/resolv.conf (or equivalent).

The address range can be of the form
<ip address>,<ip address> or <ip address>/<netmask> or just a single
<ip address>. See 
.B --dhcp-fqdn
which can change the behaviour of dnsmasq with domains.

If the address range is given as ip-address/network-size, then a
additional flag "local" may be supplied which has the effect of adding
--local declarations for forward and reverse DNS queries. Eg.
.B --domain=thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.0.0/24,local
is identical to
.B --domain=thekelleys.org.uk,192.168.0.0/24
--local=/thekelleys.org.uk/ --local=/0.168.192.in-addr.arpa/
The network size must be 8, 16 or 24 for this to be legal.
.TP
.B --dhcp-fqdn
In the default mode, dnsmasq inserts the unqualified names of
DHCP clients into the DNS. For this reason, the names must be unique,
even if two clients which have the same name are in different
domains. If a second DHCP client appears which has the same name as an
existing client, the name is transferred to the new client. If 
.B --dhcp-fqdn
is set, this behaviour changes: the unqualified name is no longer
put in the DNS, only the qualified name. Two DHCP clients with the
same name may both keep the name, provided that the domain part is
different (ie the fully qualified names differ.) To ensure that all
names have a domain part, there must be at least 
.B --domain 
without an address specified when 
.B --dhcp-fqdn 
is set.
.TP
.B --dhcp-client-update
Normally, when giving a DHCP lease, dnsmasq sets flags in the FQDN
option to tell the client not to attempt a DDNS update with its name
and IP address. This is because the name-IP pair is automatically
added into dnsmasq's DNS view. This flag suppresses that behaviour,
this is useful, for instance, to allow Windows clients to update
Active Directory servers. See RFC 4702 for details. 
.TP
.B --enable-ra
Enable dnsmasq's IPv6 Router Advertisement feature. DHCPv6 doesn't
handle complete network configuration in the same way as DHCPv4. Router
discovery and (possibly) prefix discovery for autonomous address
creation are handled by a different protocol. When DHCP is in use,
only a subset of this is needed, and dnsmasq can handle it, using
existing DHCP configuration to provide most data. When RA is enabled,
dnsmasq will advertise a prefix for each dhcp-range, with default
router and recursive DNS server as the relevant link-local address on 
the machine running dnsmasq. By default, he "managed address" bits are set, and
the "use SLAAC" bit is reset. This can be changed for individual
subnets with the mode keywords described in
.B --dhcp-range.
RFC6106 DNS parameters are included in the advertisements. By default,
the relevant link-local address of the machine running dnsmasq is sent
as recursive DNS server. If provided, the DHCPv6 options dns-server and
domain-search are used for RDNSS and DNSSL.
.TP
.B --ra-param=<interface>,[high|low],[[<ra-interval>],<router lifetime>]
Set non-default values for router advertisements sent via an
interface. The priority field for the router may be altered from the
default of medium with eg
.B --ra-param=eth0,high.
The interval between router advertisements may be set (in seconds) with 
.B --ra-param=eth0,60.
The lifetime of the route may be changed or set to zero, which allows
a router to advertise prefixes but not a route via itself. 
.B --ra-parm=eth0,0,0
(A value of zero for the interval means the default value.) All three parameters may be set at once.
.B --ra-param=low,60,1200
The interface field may include a wildcard.
.TP
.B --enable-tftp[=<interface>[,<interface>]]
Enable the TFTP server function. This is deliberately limited to that
needed to net-boot a client. Only reading is allowed; the tsize and
blksize extensions are supported (tsize is only supported in octet
mode). Without an argument, the TFTP service is provided to the same set of interfaces as DHCP service. 
If the list of interfaces is provided, that defines which interfaces recieve TFTP service.
.TP
.B --tftp-root=<directory>[,<interface>]
Look for files to transfer using TFTP relative to the given
directory. When this is set, TFTP paths which include ".." are
rejected, to stop clients getting outside the specified root.
Absolute paths (starting with /) are allowed, but they must be within
the tftp-root. If the optional interface argument is given, the
directory is only used for TFTP requests via that interface.
.TP
.B --tftp-unique-root
Add the IP address of the TFTP client as a path component on the end
of the TFTP-root (in standard dotted-quad format). Only valid if a
tftp-root is set and the directory exists. For instance, if tftp-root is "/tftp" and client 
1.2.3.4 requests file "myfile" then the effective path will be
"/tftp/1.2.3.4/myfile" if /tftp/1.2.3.4 exists or /tftp/myfile otherwise.
.TP
.B --tftp-secure
Enable TFTP secure mode: without this, any file which is readable by
the dnsmasq process under normal unix access-control rules is
available via TFTP. When the --tftp-secure flag is given, only files
owned by the user running the dnsmasq process are accessible. If
dnsmasq is being run as root, different rules apply: --tftp-secure
has no effect, but only files which have the world-readable bit set
are accessible. It is not recommended to run dnsmasq as root with TFTP
enabled, and certainly not without specifying --tftp-root. Doing so
can expose any world-readable file on the server to any host on the net. 
.TP
.B --tftp-lowercase
Convert filenames in TFTP requests to all lowercase. This is useful
for requests from Windows machines, which have case-insensitive
filesystems and tend to play fast-and-loose with case in filenames.
Note that dnsmasq's tftp server always converts "\\" to "/" in filenames.
.TP
.B --tftp-max=<connections>
Set the maximum number of concurrent TFTP connections allowed. This
defaults to 50. When serving a large number of TFTP connections,
per-process file descriptor limits may be encountered. Dnsmasq needs
one file descriptor for each concurrent TFTP connection and one
file descriptor per unique file (plus a few others). So serving the
same file simultaneously to n clients will use require about n + 10 file
descriptors, serving different files simultaneously to n clients will
require about (2*n) + 10 descriptors. If 
.B --tftp-port-range
is given, that can affect the number of concurrent connections.
.TP
.B --tftp-no-blocksize
Stop the TFTP server from negotiating the "blocksize" option with a
client. Some buggy clients request this option but then behave badly
when it is granted.
.TP
.B --tftp-port-range=<start>,<end>
A TFTP server listens on a well-known port (69) for connection initiation,
but it also uses a dynamically-allocated port for each
connection. Normally these are allocated by the OS, but this option
specifies a range of ports for use by TFTP transfers. This can be
useful when TFTP has to traverse a firewall. The start of the range
cannot be lower than 1025 unless dnsmasq is running as root. The number
of concurrent TFTP connections is limited by the size of the port range. 
.TP  
.B \-C, --conf-file=<file>
Specify a different configuration file. The conf-file option is also allowed in
configuration files, to include multiple configuration files. A
filename of "-" causes dnsmasq to read configuration from stdin.
.TP
.B \-7, --conf-dir=<directory>[,<file-extension>......],
Read all the files in the given directory as configuration
files. If extension(s) are given, any files which end in those
extensions are skipped. Any files whose names end in ~ or start with . or start and end
with # are always skipped. If the extension starts with * then only files 
which have that extension are loaded. So
.B --conf-dir=/path/to/dir,*.conf
loads all files with the suffix .conf in /path/to/dir. This flag may be given on the command
line or in a configuration file. If giving it on the command line, be sure to
escape * characters.
.TP
.B --servers-file=<file>
A special case of 
.B --conf-file
which differs in two respects. Firstly, only --server and --rev-server are allowed 
in the configuration file included. Secondly, the file is re-read and the configuration
therein is updated when dnsmasq recieves SIGHUP.
.SH CONFIG FILE
At startup, dnsmasq reads
.I /etc/dnsmasq.conf,
if it exists. (On
FreeBSD, the file is 
.I /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf
) (but see the 
.B \-C
and
.B \-7
options.) The format of this
file consists of one option per line, exactly as the long options detailed 
in the OPTIONS section but without the leading "--". Lines starting with # are comments and ignored. For
options which may only be specified once, the configuration file overrides 
the command line.  Quoting is allowed in a config file:
between " quotes the special meanings of ,:. and # are removed and the
following escapes are allowed: \\\\ \\" \\t \\e \\b \\r and \\n. The later 
corresponding to tab, escape, backspace, return and newline.
.SH NOTES
When it receives a SIGHUP, 
.B dnsmasq 
clears its cache and then re-loads 
.I /etc/hosts
and 
.I /etc/ethers 
and any file given by --dhcp-hostsfile, --dhcp-optsfile or --addn-hosts.
The dhcp lease change script is called for all
existing DHCP leases. If 
.B
--no-poll
is set SIGHUP also re-reads
.I /etc/resolv.conf.
SIGHUP
does NOT re-read the configuration file.
.PP
When it receives a SIGUSR1,
.B dnsmasq 
writes statistics to the system log. It writes the cache size,
the number of names which have had to removed from the cache before
they expired in order to make room for new names and the total number
of names that have been inserted into the cache. The number of cache hits and 
misses and the number of authoritative queries answered are also given. For each upstream
server it gives the number of queries sent, and the number which
resulted in an error. In 
.B --no-daemon
mode or when full logging is enabled (-q), a complete dump of the
contents of the cache is made. 

The cache statistics are also available in the DNS as answers to 
queries of class CHAOS and type TXT in domain bind. The domain names are cachesize.bind, insertions.bind, evictions.bind, 
misses.bind, hits.bind, auth.bind and servers.bind. An example command to query this, using the 
.B dig
utility would be

dig +short chaos txt cachesize.bind

.PP 
When it receives SIGUSR2 and it is logging direct to a file (see
.B --log-facility
) 
.B dnsmasq
will close and reopen the log file. Note that during this operation,
dnsmasq will not be running as root. When it first creates the logfile
dnsmasq changes the ownership of the file to the non-root user it will run
as. Logrotate should be configured to create a new log file with
the ownership which matches the existing one before sending SIGUSR2.
If TCP DNS queries are in progress, the old logfile will remain open in
child processes which are handling TCP queries and may continue to be
written. There is a limit of 150 seconds, after which all existing TCP
processes will have expired: for this reason, it is not wise to
configure logfile compression for logfiles which have just been
rotated. Using logrotate, the required options are 
.B create 
and
.B delaycompress.

 
.PP
Dnsmasq is a DNS query forwarder: it it not capable of recursively
answering arbitrary queries starting from the root servers but
forwards such queries to a fully recursive upstream DNS server which is
typically provided by an ISP. By default, dnsmasq reads
.I /etc/resolv.conf
to discover the IP
addresses of the upstream nameservers it should use, since the
information is typically stored there. Unless
.B --no-poll
is used,
.B dnsmasq
checks the modification time of
.I /etc/resolv.conf
(or equivalent if 
.B \--resolv-file 
is used) and re-reads it if it changes. This allows the DNS servers to
be set dynamically by PPP or DHCP since both protocols provide the
information.
Absence of
.I /etc/resolv.conf
is not an error
since it may not have been created before a PPP connection exists. Dnsmasq 
simply keeps checking in case
.I /etc/resolv.conf 
is created at any
time. Dnsmasq can be told to parse more than one resolv.conf
file. This is useful on a laptop, where both PPP and DHCP may be used:
dnsmasq can be set to poll both 
.I /etc/ppp/resolv.conf 
and
.I /etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf 
and will use the contents of whichever changed
last, giving automatic switching between DNS servers.
.PP
Upstream servers may also be specified on the command line or in
the configuration file. These server specifications optionally take a
domain name which tells dnsmasq to use that server only to find names
in that particular domain.
.PP
In order to configure dnsmasq to act as cache for the host on which it is running, put "nameserver 127.0.0.1" in
.I /etc/resolv.conf
to force local processes to send queries to
dnsmasq. Then either specify the upstream servers directly to dnsmasq
using 
.B \--server
options or put their addresses real in another file, say
.I /etc/resolv.dnsmasq
and run dnsmasq with the 
.B \-r /etc/resolv.dnsmasq
option. This second technique allows for dynamic update of the server
addresses by PPP or DHCP.
.PP
Addresses in /etc/hosts will "shadow" different addresses for the same
names in the upstream DNS, so "mycompany.com 1.2.3.4" in /etc/hosts will ensure that
queries for "mycompany.com" always return 1.2.3.4 even if queries in
the upstream DNS would otherwise return a different address. There is
one exception to this: if the upstream DNS contains a CNAME which
points to a shadowed name, then looking up the CNAME through dnsmasq
will result in the unshadowed address associated with the target of
the CNAME. To work around this, add the CNAME to /etc/hosts so that
the CNAME is shadowed too.

.PP
The tag system works as follows: For each DHCP request, dnsmasq
collects a set of valid tags from active configuration lines which
include set:<tag>, including one from the 
.B dhcp-range
used to allocate the address, one from any matching 
.B dhcp-host
(and "known" if a dhcp-host matches) 
The tag "bootp" is set for BOOTP requests, and a tag whose name is the 
name of the interface on which the request arrived is also set.

Any configuration lines which include one or more tag:<tag> constructs
will only be valid if all that tags are matched in the set derived
above. Typically this is dhcp-option.
.B dhcp-option 
which has tags will be used in preference  to an untagged 
.B dhcp-option,
provided that _all_ the tags match somewhere in the
set collected as described above. The prefix '!' on a tag means 'not'
so --dhcp-option=tag:!purple,3,1.2.3.4 sends the option when the
tag purple is not in the set of valid tags. (If using this in a
command line rather than a configuration file, be sure to escape !,
which is a shell metacharacter)

When selecting dhcp-options, a tag from dhcp-range is second class
relative to other tags, to make it easy to override options for
individual hosts, so 
.B dhcp-range=set:interface1,......
.B dhcp-host=set:myhost,.....
.B dhcp-option=tag:interface1,option:nis-domain,"domain1"
.B dhcp-option=tag:myhost,option:nis-domain,"domain2"
will set the NIS-domain to domain1 for hosts in the range, but
override that to domain2 for a particular host.

.PP
Note that for 
.B dhcp-range 
both tag:<tag> and set:<tag> are allowed, to both select the range in
use based on (eg) dhcp-host, and to affect the options sent, based on
the range selected.

This system evolved from an earlier, more limited one and for backward
compatibility "net:" may be used instead of "tag:" and "set:" may be
omitted. (Except in 
.B dhcp-host,
where "net:" may be used instead of "set:".) For the same reason, '#'
may be used instead of '!' to indicate NOT.
.PP 
The DHCP server in dnsmasq will function as a BOOTP server also,
provided that the MAC address and IP address for clients are given,
either using 
.B dhcp-host 
configurations or in
.I /etc/ethers
, and a
.B dhcp-range 
configuration option is present to activate the DHCP server
on a particular network. (Setting --bootp-dynamic removes the need for
static address mappings.) The filename
parameter in a BOOTP request is used as a tag,
as is the tag "bootp", allowing some control over the options returned to
different classes of hosts.

.SH AUTHORITATIVE CONFIGURATION
.PP 
Configuring dnsmasq to act as an authoritative DNS server is
complicated by the fact that it involves configuration of external DNS
servers to provide delegation. We will walk through three scenarios of
increasing complexity. Prerequisites for all of these scenarios
are a globally accessible IP address, an A or AAAA record pointing to that address,
and an external DNS server capable of doing delegation of the zone in
question. For the first part of this explanation, we will call the A (or AAAA) record
for the globally accessible address server.example.com, and the zone
for which dnsmasq is authoritative our.zone.com.

The simplest configuration consists of two lines of dnsmasq configuration; something like

.nf
.B auth-server=server.example.com,eth0
.B auth-zone=our.zone.com,1.2.3.0/24
.fi

and two records in the external DNS

.nf
server.example.com       A    192.0.43.10
our.zone.com            NS    server.example.com
.fi

eth0 is the external network interface on which dnsmasq is listening,
and has (globally accessible) address 192.0.43.10. 

Note that the external IP address may well be dynamic (ie assigned
from an ISP by DHCP or PPP) If so, the A record must be linked to this
dynamic assignment by one of the usual dynamic-DNS systems.

A more complex, but practically useful configuration has the address
record for the globally accessible IP address residing in the
authoritative zone which dnsmasq is serving, typically at the root. Now
we have

.nf
.B auth-server=our.zone.com,eth0
.B auth-zone=our.zone.com,1.2.3.0/24
.fi

.nf
our.zone.com             A    1.2.3.4
our.zone.com            NS    our.zone.com
.fi

The A record for our.zone.com has now become a glue record, it solves
the chicken-and-egg problem of finding the IP address of the
nameserver for our.zone.com when the A record is within that
zone. Note that this is the only role of this record: as dnsmasq is
now authoritative from our.zone.com it too must provide this
record. If the external address is static, this can be done with an
.B /etc/hosts 
entry or 
.B --host-record.

.nf
.B auth-server=our.zone.com,eth0
.B host-record=our.zone.com,1.2.3.4
.B auth-zone=our.zone.com,1.2.3.0/24
.fi

If the external address is dynamic, the address
associated with our.zone.com must be derived from the address of the
relevant interface. This is done using 
.B interface-name
Something like:

.nf
.B auth-server=our.zone.com,eth0
.B interface-name=our.zone.com,eth0
.B auth-zone=our.zone.com,1.2.3.0/24,eth0
.fi

(The "eth0" argument in auth-zone adds the subnet containing eth0's
dynamic address to the zone, so that the interface-name returns the
address in outside queries.)

Our final configuration builds on that above, but also adds a
secondary DNS server. This is another DNS server which learns the DNS data
for the zone by doing zones transfer, and acts as a backup should
the primary server become inaccessible. The configuration of the
secondary is beyond the scope of this man-page, but the extra
configuration of dnsmasq is simple:

.nf
.B auth-sec-servers=secondary.myisp.com
.fi

and

.nf
our.zone.com           NS    secondary.myisp.com
.fi

Adding auth-sec-servers enables zone transfer in dnsmasq, to allow the
secondary to collect the DNS data. If you wish to restrict this data
to particular hosts then

.nf
.B auth-peer=<IP address of secondary>
.fi

will do so.

Dnsmasq acts as an authoritative server for  in-addr.arpa and
ip6.arpa domains associated with the subnets given in auth-zone
declarations, so reverse (address to name) lookups can be simply
configured with a suitable NS record, for instance in this example,
where we allow 1.2.3.0/24 addresses.

.nf
 3.2.1.in-addr.arpa  NS    our.zone.com
.fi

Note that at present, reverse (in-addr.arpa and ip6.arpa) zones are
not available in zone transfers, so there is no point arranging
secondary servers for reverse lookups.

.PP
When dnsmasq is configured to act as an authoritative server, the
following data is used to populate the authoritative zone.
.PP
.B --mx-host, --srv-host, --dns-rr, --txt-record, --naptr-record
, as long as the record names are in the authoritative domain.
.PP
.B --cname
as long as the record name is in  the authoritative domain. If the
target of the CNAME is unqualified, then it  is qualified with the
authoritative zone name.
.PP
IPv4 and IPv6 addresses from /etc/hosts (and 
.B --addn-hosts
) and
.B --host-record
and 
.B --interface-name
provided the address falls into one of the subnets specified in the
.B --auth-zone.
.PP
Addresses of DHCP leases, provided the address falls into one of the subnets specified in the
.B --auth-zone.
(If contructed DHCP ranges are is use, which depend on the address dynamically 
assigned to an interface, then the form of
.B --auth-zone
which defines subnets by the dynamic address of an interface should
be used to ensure this condition is met.)
.PP 
In the default mode, where a DHCP lease
has an unqualified name, and possibly a qualified name constructed
using 
.B --domain
then the name in the authoritative zone is constructed from the
unqualified name and the zone's domain. This may or may not equal
that specified by 
.B --domain.
If 
.B --dhcp-fqdn
is set, then the fully qualified names associated with DHCP leases are
used, and must match the zone's domain.
 

.SH EXIT CODES
.PP
0 - Dnsmasq successfully forked into the background, or terminated
normally if backgrounding is not enabled.
.PP
1 - A problem with configuration was detected.
.PP
2 - A problem with network access occurred (address in use, attempt
to use privileged ports without permission).
.PP
3 - A problem occurred with a filesystem operation (missing
file/directory, permissions).
.PP
4 - Memory allocation failure.
.PP
5 - Other miscellaneous problem.
.PP
11 or greater - a non zero return code was received from the
lease-script process "init" call. The exit code from dnsmasq is the
script's exit code with 10 added. 

.SH LIMITS
The default values for resource limits in dnsmasq are generally
conservative, and appropriate for embedded router type devices with
slow processors and limited memory. On more capable hardware, it is
possible to increase the limits, and handle many more clients. The
following applies to dnsmasq-2.37: earlier versions did not scale as well.
 
.PP
Dnsmasq is capable of handling DNS and DHCP for at least a thousand
clients. The DHCP lease times should not be very short (less than one hour). The
value of 
.B --dns-forward-max 
can be increased: start with it equal to
the number of clients and increase if DNS seems slow. Note that DNS
performance depends too on the performance of the upstream
nameservers. The size of the DNS cache may be increased: the hard
limit is 10000 names and the default (150) is very low. Sending
SIGUSR1 to dnsmasq makes it log information which is useful for tuning
the cache size. See the 
.B NOTES
section for details.

.PP
The built-in TFTP server is capable of many simultaneous file
transfers: the absolute limit is related to the number of file-handles
allowed to a process and the ability of the select() system call to
cope with large numbers of file handles. If the limit is set too high
using 
.B --tftp-max
it will be scaled down and the actual limit logged at
start-up. Note that more transfers are possible when the same file is
being sent than when each transfer sends a different file.

.PP
It is possible to use dnsmasq to block Web advertising by using a list
of known banner-ad servers, all resolving to 127.0.0.1 or 0.0.0.0, in
.B /etc/hosts 
or an additional hosts file. The list can be very long, 
dnsmasq has been tested successfully with one million names. That size
file needs a 1GHz processor and about 60Mb of RAM.

.SH INTERNATIONALISATION
Dnsmasq can be compiled to support internationalisation. To do this,
the make targets "all-i18n" and "install-i18n" should be used instead of
the standard targets "all" and "install". When internationalisation
is compiled in, dnsmasq will produce log messages in the local
language and support internationalised domain names (IDN). Domain
names in /etc/hosts, /etc/ethers and /etc/dnsmasq.conf which contain
non-ASCII characters will be translated to the DNS-internal punycode
representation. Note that
dnsmasq determines both the language for messages and the assumed
charset for configuration
files from the LANG environment variable. This should be set to the system
default value by the script which is responsible for starting
dnsmasq. When editing the configuration files, be careful to do so
using only the system-default locale and not user-specific one, since
dnsmasq has no direct way of determining the charset in use, and must
assume that it is the system default. 
 
.SH FILES
.IR /etc/dnsmasq.conf 

.IR /usr/local/etc/dnsmasq.conf

.IR /etc/resolv.conf
.IR /var/run/dnsmasq/resolv.conf
.IR /etc/ppp/resolv.conf
.IR /etc/dhcpc/resolv.conf

.IR /etc/hosts

.IR /etc/ethers

.IR /var/lib/misc/dnsmasq.leases 

.IR /var/db/dnsmasq.leases

.IR /var/run/dnsmasq.pid
.SH SEE ALSO
.BR hosts (5), 
.BR resolver (5)
.SH AUTHOR
This manual page was written by Simon Kelley <simon@thekelleys.org.uk>.