This is m4.info, produced by makeinfo version 5.1 from m4.texi.

This manual (22 September 2013) is for GNU M4 (version 1.4.17), a
package containing an implementation of the m4 macro language.

   Copyright (C) 1989-1994, 2004-2013 Free Software Foundation, Inc.

     Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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     Version 1.3 or any later version published by the Free Software
     Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and
     no Back-Cover Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the
     section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License."
INFO-DIR-SECTION Text creation and manipulation
START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
* M4: (m4).                     A powerful macro processor.
END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY


File: m4.info,  Node: Copying This Manual,  Next: Indices,  Prev: Copying This Package,  Up: Top

Appendix B How to make copies of this manual
********************************************

This appendix covers the license for copying this manual.  Note that
some of the longer examples in this manual are also distributed in the
directory 'm4-1.4.17/examples/', where a more permissive license is in
effect when copying just the examples.

* Menu:

* GNU Free Documentation License::  License for copying this manual


File: m4.info,  Node: GNU Free Documentation License,  Up: Copying This Manual

B.1 License for copying this manual
===================================

                     Version 1.3, 3 November 2008

     Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
     <http://fsf.org/>

     Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
     of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.

  0. PREAMBLE

     The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
     functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
     assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
     with or without modifying it, either commercially or
     noncommercially.  Secondarily, this License preserves for the
     author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
     being considered responsible for modifications made by others.

     This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
     works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
     It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
     license designed for free software.

     We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
     free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
     free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
     that the software does.  But this License is not limited to
     software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
     of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.  We
     recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
     instruction or reference.

  1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS

     This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
     that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it can
     be distributed under the terms of this License.  Such a notice
     grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
     to use that work under the conditions stated herein.  The
     "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work.  Any member
     of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you".  You accept
     the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a way
     requiring permission under copyright law.

     A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
     Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
     modifications and/or translated into another language.

     A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
     of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
     publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
     subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
     fall directly within that overall subject.  (Thus, if the Document
     is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
     explain any mathematics.)  The relationship could be a matter of
     historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
     of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
     regarding them.

     The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
     titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in the
     notice that says that the Document is released under this License.
     If a section does not fit the above definition of Secondary then it
     is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.  The Document may
     contain zero Invariant Sections.  If the Document does not identify
     any Invariant Sections then there are none.

     The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
     listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
     that says that the Document is released under this License.  A
     Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
     be at most 25 words.

     A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
     represented in a format whose specification is available to the
     general public, that is suitable for revising the document
     straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images composed
     of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some widely
     available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to text
     formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of formats
     suitable for input to text formatters.  A copy made in an otherwise
     Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of markup, has
     been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent modification by
     readers is not Transparent.  An image format is not Transparent if
     used for any substantial amount of text.  A copy that is not
     "Transparent" is called "Opaque".

     Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
     ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
     SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and standard-conforming
     simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for human modification.
     Examples of transparent image formats include PNG, XCF and JPG.
     Opaque formats include proprietary formats that can be read and
     edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or XML for which
     the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally available, and
     the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF produced by some word
     processors for output purposes only.

     The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
     plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
     material this License requires to appear in the title page.  For
     works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
     Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
     work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.

     The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
     of the Document to the public.

     A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
     whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
     following text that translates XYZ in another language.  (Here XYZ
     stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
     "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
     To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
     Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
     to this definition.

     The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
     which states that this License applies to the Document.  These
     Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
     this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
     implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
     has no effect on the meaning of this License.

  2. VERBATIM COPYING

     You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
     commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
     copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
     applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
     add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License.  You
     may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
     or further copying of the copies you make or distribute.  However,
     you may accept compensation in exchange for copies.  If you
     distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow the
     conditions in section 3.

     You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
     and you may publicly display copies.

  3. COPYING IN QUANTITY

     If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
     have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
     the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
     enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
     these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
     Back-Cover Texts on the back cover.  Both covers must also clearly
     and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies.  The
     front cover must present the full title with all words of the title
     equally prominent and visible.  You may add other material on the
     covers in addition.  Copying with changes limited to the covers, as
     long as they preserve the title of the Document and satisfy these
     conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in other respects.

     If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
     legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
     reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
     adjacent pages.

     If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
     numbering more than 100, you must either include a machine-readable
     Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or state in or with
     each Opaque copy a computer-network location from which the general
     network-using public has access to download using public-standard
     network protocols a complete Transparent copy of the Document, free
     of added material.  If you use the latter option, you must take
     reasonably prudent steps, when you begin distribution of Opaque
     copies in quantity, to ensure that this Transparent copy will
     remain thus accessible at the stated location until at least one
     year after the last time you distribute an Opaque copy (directly or
     through your agents or retailers) of that edition to the public.

     It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
     the Document well before redistributing any large number of copies,
     to give them a chance to provide you with an updated version of the
     Document.

  4. MODIFICATIONS

     You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
     under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
     release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with the
     Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus licensing
     distribution and modification of the Modified Version to whoever
     possesses a copy of it.  In addition, you must do these things in
     the Modified Version:

       A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
          distinct from that of the Document, and from those of previous
          versions (which should, if there were any, be listed in the
          History section of the Document).  You may use the same title
          as a previous version if the original publisher of that
          version gives permission.

       B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
          entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
          the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
          principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
          authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
          from this requirement.

       C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
          Modified Version, as the publisher.

       D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.

       E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
          adjacent to the other copyright notices.

       F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
          notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
          Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
          the Addendum below.

       G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
          Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
          license notice.

       H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.

       I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
          and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
          authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on the
          Title Page.  If there is no section Entitled "History" in the
          Document, create one stating the title, year, authors, and
          publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page, then add
          an item describing the Modified Version as stated in the
          previous sentence.

       J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
          for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
          likewise the network locations given in the Document for
          previous versions it was based on.  These may be placed in the
          "History" section.  You may omit a network location for a work
          that was published at least four years before the Document
          itself, or if the original publisher of the version it refers
          to gives permission.

       K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
          Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the section
          all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
          acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.

       L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document, unaltered
          in their text and in their titles.  Section numbers or the
          equivalent are not considered part of the section titles.

       M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements".  Such a section
          may not be included in the Modified Version.

       N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
          "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
          Section.

       O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.

     If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
     appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
     material copied from the Document, you may at your option designate
     some or all of these sections as invariant.  To do this, add their
     titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified Version's
     license notice.  These titles must be distinct from any other
     section titles.

     You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
     nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
     parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
     has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
     definition of a standard.

     You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
     and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end of
     the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version.  Only one passage
     of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be added by (or
     through arrangements made by) any one entity.  If the Document
     already includes a cover text for the same cover, previously added
     by you or by arrangement made by the same entity you are acting on
     behalf of, you may not add another; but you may replace the old
     one, on explicit permission from the previous publisher that added
     the old one.

     The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
     License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
     assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.

  5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS

     You may combine the Document with other documents released under
     this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
     modified versions, provided that you include in the combination all
     of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
     unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
     combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
     their Warranty Disclaimers.

     The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
     multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
     copy.  If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
     but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
     by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
     original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
     unique number.  Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
     the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
     combined work.

     In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
     "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
     Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
     "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications".  You
     must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."

  6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS

     You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
     documents released under this License, and replace the individual
     copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
     that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
     rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the documents
     in all other respects.

     You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
     distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
     a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow this
     License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of that
     document.

  7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS

     A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
     separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of a
     storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
     copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
     legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
     works permit.  When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
     License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
     are not themselves derivative works of the Document.

     If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
     copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
     of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
     on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
     electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
     form.  Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
     the whole aggregate.

  8. TRANSLATION

     Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
     distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
     4.  Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
     permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
     translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
     original versions of these Invariant Sections.  You may include a
     translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
     Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
     include the original English version of this License and the
     original versions of those notices and disclaimers.  In case of a
     disagreement between the translation and the original version of
     this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
     prevail.

     If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
     "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
     Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
     actual title.

  9. TERMINATION

     You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
     except as expressly provided under this License.  Any attempt
     otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
     and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.

     However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
     license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
     provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly and
     finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
     copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
     reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.

     Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
     reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
     violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
     received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
     that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
     after your receipt of the notice.

     Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
     the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from you
     under this License.  If your rights have been terminated and not
     permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of the
     same material does not give you any rights to use it.

  10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE

     The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
     the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time.  Such new
     versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
     differ in detail to address new problems or concerns.  See
     <http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/>.

     Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
     number.  If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
     version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
     have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
     that specified version or of any later version that has been
     published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation.  If the
     Document does not specify a version number of this License, you may
     choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the Free
     Software Foundation.  If the Document specifies that a proxy can
     decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
     proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
     authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.

  11. RELICENSING

     "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
     World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
     provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works.  A
     public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
     A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
     site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
     site.

     "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
     license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
     corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
     California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
     published by that same organization.

     "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
     in part, as part of another Document.

     An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
     License, and if all works that were first published under this
     License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
     incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
     texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
     to November 1, 2008.

     The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
     site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
     2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.

ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
====================================================

To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
notices just after the title page:

       Copyright (C)  YEAR  YOUR NAME.
       Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
       under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
       or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
       with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
       Texts.  A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
       Free Documentation License''.

   If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:

         with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
         the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
         being LIST.

   If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
situation.

   If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of free
software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to permit
their use in free software.


File: m4.info,  Node: Indices,  Prev: Copying This Manual,  Up: Top

Appendix C Indices of concepts and macros
*****************************************

* Menu:

* Macro index::                 Index for all 'm4' macros
* Concept index::               Index for many concepts


File: m4.info,  Node: Macro index,  Next: Concept index,  Up: Indices

C.1 Index for all 'm4' macros
=============================

This index covers all 'm4' builtins, as well as several useful composite
macros.  References are exclusively to the places where a macro is
introduced the first time.

 [index ]
* Menu:

* __file__:                              Location.            (line   9)
* __gnu__:                               Platform macros.     (line  11)
* __line__:                              Location.            (line  10)
* __os2__:                               Platform macros.     (line  12)
* __program__:                           Location.            (line  11)
* __unix__:                              Platform macros.     (line  14)
* __windows__:                           Platform macros.     (line  16)
* argn:                                  Shift.               (line 255)
* array:                                 Define.              (line  55)
* array_set:                             Define.              (line  56)
* builtin:                               Builtin.             (line   8)
* capitalize:                            Patsubst.            (line  54)
* changecom:                             Changecom.           (line   9)
* changequote:                           Changequote.         (line   9)
* changeword:                            Changeword.          (line  22)
* cleardivert:                           Cleardivert.         (line  25)
* cond:                                  Shift.               (line  51)
* copy:                                  Composition.         (line 119)
* curry:                                 Composition.         (line  67)
* debugfile:                             Debug Output.        (line  10)
* debugmode:                             Debug Levels.        (line  77)
* decr:                                  Incr.                (line  10)
* define:                                Define.              (line   9)
* define_blind:                          Composition.         (line  10)
* defn:                                  Defn.                (line   9)
* divert:                                Divert.              (line   8)
* divnum:                                Divnum.              (line   8)
* dnl:                                   Dnl.                 (line   8)
* downcase:                              Patsubst.            (line  53)
* dquote:                                Shift.               (line 193)
* dquote_elt:                            Shift.               (line 194)
* dumpdef:                               Dumpdef.             (line   9)
* errprint:                              Errprint.            (line   8)
* esyscmd:                               Esyscmd.             (line   8)
* eval:                                  Eval.                (line   8)
* example:                               Manual.              (line  39)
* exch:                                  Arguments.           (line  12)
* fatal_error:                           M4exit.              (line  24)
* foreach:                               Foreach.             (line   8)
* foreachq:                              Foreach.             (line   9)
* forloop:                               Forloop.             (line   8)
* format:                                Format.              (line   8)
* ifdef:                                 Ifdef.               (line   9)
* ifelse:                                Ifelse.              (line  10)
* ifelse <1>:                            Ifelse.              (line  11)
* ifelse <2>:                            Ifelse.              (line  12)
* include:                               Include.             (line   8)
* incr:                                  Incr.                (line   9)
* index:                                 Index macro.         (line   8)
* indir:                                 Indir.               (line   8)
* join:                                  Shift.               (line 101)
* joinall:                               Shift.               (line 102)
* len:                                   Len.                 (line   8)
* m4exit:                                M4exit.              (line   9)
* m4wrap:                                M4wrap.              (line  13)
* maketemp:                              Mkstemp.             (line  11)
* mkstemp:                               Mkstemp.             (line  10)
* nargs:                                 Pseudo Arguments.    (line  12)
* os2:                                   Platform macros.     (line  13)
* patsubst:                              Patsubst.            (line   8)
* popdef:                                Pushdef.             (line  11)
* pushdef:                               Pushdef.             (line  10)
* quote:                                 Shift.               (line 192)
* regexp:                                Regexp.              (line   8)
* rename:                                Composition.         (line 120)
* reverse:                               Shift.               (line  31)
* shift:                                 Shift.               (line  16)
* sinclude:                              Include.             (line   9)
* stack_foreach:                         Stacks.              (line  11)
* stack_foreach_lifo:                    Stacks.              (line  12)
* stack_foreach_sep:                     Improved copy.       (line  15)
* stack_foreach_sep_lifo:                Improved copy.       (line  16)
* substr:                                Substr.              (line   8)
* syscmd:                                Syscmd.              (line   8)
* sysval:                                Sysval.              (line   8)
* traceoff:                              Trace.               (line  10)
* traceon:                               Trace.               (line   9)
* translit:                              Translit.            (line   8)
* undefine:                              Undefine.            (line   8)
* undivert:                              Undivert.            (line   8)
* unix:                                  Platform macros.     (line  15)
* upcase:                                Patsubst.            (line  52)
* windows:                               Platform macros.     (line  17)


File: m4.info,  Node: Concept index,  Prev: Macro index,  Up: Indices

C.2 Index for many concepts
===========================

 [index ]
* Menu:

* argument currying:                     Composition.         (line  63)
* arguments to macros:                   Macro Arguments.     (line   6)
* arguments to macros <1>:               Arguments.           (line   6)
* arguments to macros, special:          Pseudo Arguments.    (line   6)
* arguments, joining:                    Shift.               (line  98)
* arguments, more than nine:             Arguments.           (line  54)
* arguments, more than nine <1>:         Shift.               (line 250)
* arguments, more than nine <2>:         Improved foreach.    (line 156)
* arguments, quoted macro:               Quoting Arguments.   (line   6)
* arguments, reversing:                  Shift.               (line  31)
* arithmetic:                            Arithmetic.          (line   6)
* arrays:                                Define.              (line  52)
* avoiding quadratic behavior:           Improved foreach.    (line  38)
* basic regular expressions:             Regexp.              (line   6)
* basic regular expressions <1>:         Patsubst.            (line   6)
* blind macro:                           Inhibiting Invocation.
                                                              (line  13)
* blind macro <1>:                       Ifelse.              (line  52)
* blind macro <2>:                       Composition.         (line  10)
* bug reports:                           Bugs.                (line   6)
* builtins, indirect call of:            Builtin.             (line   6)
* builtins, special tokens:              Defn.                (line 101)
* call of builtins, indirect:            Builtin.             (line   6)
* call of macros, indirect:              Indir.               (line   6)
* case statement:                        Ifelse.              (line  69)
* changing comment delimiters:           Changecom.           (line   6)
* changing quote delimiters:             Changequote.         (line   6)
* changing syntax:                       Changeword.          (line   6)
* characters, translating:               Translit.            (line   6)
* command line:                          Invoking m4.         (line   6)
* command line, file names on the:       Command line files.  (line   6)
* command line, macro definitions on the: Preprocessor features.
                                                              (line   6)
* command line, options:                 Invoking m4.         (line  10)
* commands, exit status from shell:      Sysval.              (line   6)
* commands, running shell:               Shell commands.      (line   6)
* comment delimiters, changing:          Changecom.           (line   6)
* comments:                              Comments.            (line   6)
* comments, copied to output:            Changecom.           (line  29)
* comparing strings:                     Ifelse.              (line   6)
* compatibility:                         Compatibility.       (line   6)
* composing macros:                      Composition.         (line   6)
* concatenating arguments:               Shift.               (line  98)
* conditional, short-circuiting:         Shift.               (line  51)
* conditionals:                          Ifdef.               (line   6)
* controlling debugging output:          Debug Levels.        (line   6)
* copying macros:                        Composition.         (line 116)
* counting loops:                        Forloop.             (line   6)
* currying arguments:                    Composition.         (line  63)
* debugging macros:                      Debugging.           (line   6)
* debugging output, controlling:         Debug Levels.        (line   6)
* debugging output, saving:              Debug Output.        (line   6)
* decrement operator:                    Incr.                (line   6)
* deferring expansion:                   M4wrap.              (line   6)
* deferring output:                      Diversions.          (line   6)
* defining new macros:                   Definitions.         (line   6)
* definition stack:                      Pushdef.             (line   6)
* definition stack <1>:                  Stacks.              (line   6)
* definitions, displaying macro:         Defn.                (line   6)
* definitions, displaying macro <1>:     Dumpdef.             (line   6)
* deleting macros:                       Undefine.            (line   6)
* deleting whitespace in input:          Dnl.                 (line   6)
* delimiters, changing:                  Changequote.         (line   6)
* delimiters, changing <1>:              Changecom.           (line   6)
* discarding diverted text:              Cleardivert.         (line   6)
* discarding input:                      Ifelse.              (line   6)
* discarding input <1>:                  Dnl.                 (line   6)
* discarding input <2>:                  Divert.              (line  42)
* displaying macro definitions:          Dumpdef.             (line   6)
* diversion numbers:                     Divnum.              (line   6)
* diverted text, discarding:             Cleardivert.         (line   6)
* diverting output to files:             Divert.              (line   6)
* dumping into frozen file:              Using frozen files.  (line   6)
* error messages, printing:              Errprint.            (line   6)
* errors, fatal:                         Operation modes.     (line  19)
* evaluation, of integer expressions:    Eval.                (line   6)
* examples, understanding:               Manual.              (line   6)
* executing shell commands:              Shell commands.      (line   6)
* exit status from shell commands:       Sysval.              (line   6)
* exiting from 'm4':                     M4exit.              (line   6)
* expansion of macros:                   Macro expansion.     (line   6)
* expansion, deferring:                  M4wrap.              (line   6)
* expansion, tracing macro:              Trace.               (line   6)
* expressions, evaluation of integer:    Eval.                (line   6)
* expressions, regular:                  Regexp.              (line   6)
* expressions, regular <1>:              Patsubst.            (line   6)
* extracting substrings:                 Substr.              (line   6)
* fast loading of frozen files:          Using frozen files.  (line   6)
* fatal errors:                          Operation modes.     (line  19)
* FDL, GNU Free Documentation License:   GNU Free Documentation License.
                                                              (line   6)
* file format, frozen file:              Frozen file format.  (line   6)
* file inclusion:                        File Inclusion.      (line   6)
* file inclusion <1>:                    Undivert.            (line  13)
* file inclusion <2>:                    Undivert.            (line  89)
* file names, on the command line:       Command line files.  (line   6)
* files, diverting output to:            Divert.              (line   6)
* files, names of temporary:             Mkstemp.             (line   6)
* for each loops:                        Foreach.             (line   6)
* for loops:                             Forloop.             (line   6)
* formatted output:                      Format.              (line   6)
* Free Documentation License (FDL), GNU: GNU Free Documentation License.
                                                              (line   6)
* frozen file format:                    Frozen file format.  (line   6)
* frozen files for fast loading:         Using frozen files.  (line   6)
* General Public License (GPL), GNU:     GNU General Public License.
                                                              (line   6)
* GNU extensions:                        Inhibiting Invocation.
                                                              (line  13)
* GNU extensions <1>:                    Define.              (line  41)
* GNU extensions <2>:                    Arguments.           (line  54)
* GNU extensions <3>:                    Indir.               (line   6)
* GNU extensions <4>:                    Builtin.             (line   6)
* GNU extensions <5>:                    Debug Levels.        (line  74)
* GNU extensions <6>:                    Debug Output.        (line   6)
* GNU extensions <7>:                    Search Path.         (line   6)
* GNU extensions <8>:                    Divert.              (line  54)
* GNU extensions <9>:                    Undivert.            (line  13)
* GNU extensions <10>:                   Undivert.            (line  89)
* GNU extensions <11>:                   Regexp.              (line   6)
* GNU extensions <12>:                   Patsubst.            (line   6)
* GNU extensions <13>:                   Format.              (line   6)
* GNU extensions <14>:                   Eval.                (line 113)
* GNU extensions <15>:                   Esyscmd.             (line   6)
* GNU extensions <16>:                   Mkstemp.             (line  58)
* GNU extensions <17>:                   Using frozen files.  (line   6)
* GNU extensions <18>:                   Extensions.          (line   6)
* GNU Free Documentation License:        GNU Free Documentation License.
                                                              (line   6)
* GNU General Public License:            GNU General Public License.
                                                              (line   6)
* GNU M4, history of:                    History.             (line   6)
* GPL, GNU General Public License:       GNU General Public License.
                                                              (line   6)
* history of 'm4':                       History.             (line   6)
* included files, search path for:       Search Path.         (line   6)
* inclusion, of files:                   File Inclusion.      (line   6)
* inclusion, of files <1>:               Undivert.            (line  13)
* inclusion, of files <2>:               Undivert.            (line  89)
* increment operator:                    Incr.                (line   6)
* indirect call of builtins:             Builtin.             (line   6)
* indirect call of macros:               Indir.               (line   6)
* initialization, frozen state:          Using frozen files.  (line   6)
* input location:                        Preprocessor features.
                                                              (line  28)
* input location <1>:                    Location.            (line   6)
* input tokens:                          Syntax.              (line   6)
* input, discarding:                     Ifelse.              (line   6)
* input, discarding <1>:                 Dnl.                 (line   6)
* input, discarding <2>:                 Divert.              (line  42)
* input, saving:                         M4wrap.              (line   6)
* integer arithmetic:                    Arithmetic.          (line   6)
* integer expression evaluation:         Eval.                (line   6)
* invoking 'm4':                         Invoking m4.         (line   6)
* invoking macros:                       Invocation.          (line   6)
* iterating over lists:                  Foreach.             (line   6)
* joining arguments:                     Shift.               (line  98)
* length of strings:                     Len.                 (line   6)
* lexical structure of words:            Changeword.          (line   6)
* License, code:                         Copying This Package.
                                                              (line   6)
* License, manual:                       Copying This Manual. (line   6)
* limit, nesting:                        Limits control.      (line  43)
* literal output:                        Pseudo Arguments.    (line 106)
* local variables:                       Pushdef.             (line  79)
* location, input:                       Preprocessor features.
                                                              (line  28)
* location, input <1>:                   Location.            (line   6)
* loops:                                 Shift.               (line  10)
* loops, counting:                       Forloop.             (line   6)
* loops, list iteration:                 Foreach.             (line   6)
* 'M4PATH':                              Search Path.         (line   9)
* macro composition:                     Composition.         (line   6)
* macro definitions, on the command line: Preprocessor features.
                                                              (line   6)
* macro expansion, tracing:              Trace.               (line   6)
* macro invocation:                      Invocation.          (line   6)
* macro, blind:                          Inhibiting Invocation.
                                                              (line  13)
* macro, blind <1>:                      Ifelse.              (line  52)
* macro, blind <2>:                      Composition.         (line  10)
* macros, arguments to:                  Macro Arguments.     (line   6)
* macros, arguments to <1>:              Arguments.           (line   6)
* macros, copying:                       Composition.         (line 116)
* macros, debugging:                     Debugging.           (line   6)
* macros, displaying definitions:        Defn.                (line   6)
* macros, displaying definitions <1>:    Dumpdef.             (line   6)
* macros, expansion of:                  Macro expansion.     (line   6)
* macros, how to define new:             Definitions.         (line   6)
* macros, how to delete:                 Undefine.            (line   6)
* macros, how to rename:                 Defn.                (line   6)
* macros, indirect call of:              Indir.               (line   6)
* macros, quoted arguments to:           Quoting Arguments.   (line   6)
* macros, recursive:                     Shift.               (line   6)
* macros, special arguments to:          Pseudo Arguments.    (line   6)
* macros, temporary redefinition of:     Pushdef.             (line   6)
* manipulating quotes:                   Shift.               (line 189)
* messages, printing error:              Errprint.            (line   6)
* more than nine arguments:              Arguments.           (line  54)
* more than nine arguments <1>:          Shift.               (line 250)
* more than nine arguments <2>:          Improved foreach.    (line 156)
* multibranches:                         Ifelse.              (line  69)
* names:                                 Names.               (line   6)
* nesting limit:                         Limits control.      (line  43)
* nine arguments, more than:             Arguments.           (line  54)
* nine arguments, more than <1>:         Shift.               (line 250)
* nine arguments, more than <2>:         Improved foreach.    (line 156)
* numbers:                               Manual.              (line  57)
* options, command line:                 Invoking m4.         (line  10)
* output, diverting to files:            Divert.              (line   6)
* output, formatted:                     Format.              (line   6)
* output, literal:                       Pseudo Arguments.    (line 106)
* output, saving debugging:              Debug Output.        (line   6)
* overview of 'm4':                      Intro.               (line   6)
* pattern substitution:                  Patsubst.            (line   6)
* platform macros:                       Platform macros.     (line   6)
* positional parameters, more than nine: Arguments.           (line  54)
* POSIX:                                 Extensions.          (line   6)
* 'POSIXLY_CORRECT':                     Invoking m4.         (line  10)
* 'POSIXLY_CORRECT' <1>:                 Incompatibilities.   (line 144)
* preprocessor features:                 Preprocessor features.
                                                              (line   6)
* printing error messages:               Errprint.            (line   6)
* pushdef stack:                         Pushdef.             (line   6)
* pushdef stack <1>:                     Stacks.              (line   6)
* quadratic behavior, avoiding:          Improved foreach.    (line  38)
* quote delimiters, changing:            Changequote.         (line   6)
* quote manipulation:                    Shift.               (line 189)
* quoted macro arguments:                Quoting Arguments.   (line   6)
* quoted string:                         Quoted strings.      (line   6)
* quoting rule of thumb:                 Quoting Arguments.   (line  22)
* recursive macros:                      Shift.               (line   6)
* redefinition of macros, temporary:     Pushdef.             (line   6)
* regular expressions:                   Changeword.          (line   6)
* regular expressions <1>:               Regexp.              (line   6)
* regular expressions <2>:               Patsubst.            (line   6)
* reloading a frozen file:               Using frozen files.  (line   6)
* renaming macros:                       Defn.                (line   6)
* renaming macros <1>:                   Composition.         (line 116)
* reporting bugs:                        Bugs.                (line   6)
* rescanning:                            Limits control.      (line  56)
* rescanning <1>:                        Inhibiting Invocation.
                                                              (line  86)
* rescanning <2>:                        Pseudo Arguments.    (line 106)
* rescanning <3>:                        Defn.                (line  61)
* rescanning <4>:                        Other Incompatibilities.
                                                              (line  52)
* reversing arguments:                   Shift.               (line  31)
* rule of thumb, quoting:                Quoting Arguments.   (line  22)
* running shell commands:                Shell commands.      (line   6)
* saving debugging output:               Debug Output.        (line   6)
* saving input:                          M4wrap.              (line   6)
* search path for included files:        Search Path.         (line   6)
* shell commands, exit status from:      Sysval.              (line   6)
* shell commands, running:               Shell commands.      (line   6)
* short-circuiting conditional:          Shift.               (line  51)
* special arguments to macros:           Pseudo Arguments.    (line   6)
* stack, macro definition:               Pushdef.             (line   6)
* stack, macro definition <1>:           Stacks.              (line   6)
* standard error, output to:             Dumpdef.             (line   6)
* standard error, output to <1>:         Trace.               (line   6)
* standard error, output to <2>:         Errprint.            (line   6)
* status of shell commands:              Sysval.              (line   6)
* status, setting 'm4' exit:             M4exit.              (line   6)
* string, quoted:                        Quoted strings.      (line   6)
* strings, length of:                    Len.                 (line   6)
* substitution by regular expression:    Patsubst.            (line   6)
* substrings, extracting:                Substr.              (line   6)
* substrings, locating:                  Index macro.         (line   6)
* suggestions, reporting:                Bugs.                (line   6)
* suppressing warnings:                  Macro Arguments.     (line  38)
* switch statement:                      Ifelse.              (line  69)
* synchronization lines:                 Preprocessor features.
                                                              (line  28)
* syntax, changing:                      Changeword.          (line   6)
* temporary file names:                  Mkstemp.             (line   6)
* temporary redefinition of macros:      Pushdef.             (line   6)
* 'TMPDIR':                              Diversions.          (line  10)
* tokens:                                Syntax.              (line   6)
* tokens, builtin macro:                 Defn.                (line 101)
* tokens, special:                       Other tokens.        (line   6)
* tracing macro expansion:               Trace.               (line   6)
* translating characters:                Translit.            (line   6)
* undefining macros:                     Undefine.            (line   6)
* UNIX commands, exit status from:       Sysval.              (line   6)
* UNIX commands, running:                Shell commands.      (line   6)
* variables, local:                      Pushdef.             (line  79)
* warnings, suppressing:                 Macro Arguments.     (line  38)
* words:                                 Names.               (line   6)
* words, lexical structure of:           Changeword.          (line   6)